
Class. 
Book._ 



T2pX 



Copyrightl^^. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



Tanners' and Chemi^s' 
Handbook 




BY 

LOUIS E. LEVI, A. M., PH. D. 

CHIEF CHEMIST PFISTER & VOGEL LEATHER COMPANY 

AND 

EARLE V. MANUEL, S. B. 

CHEMIST IN CHARGE OF LABORATORIES. 
Copyrighl, 1909, by Louis E. Lei'i. 



tr^d,^^"^ 



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<Sul.A251 20« 



PREFACE 




'HE need of a book where fa<fts and 
matters of importance, to the tanner 
as well as the chemi^, are quickly 
and easily accessable has been the 
wish of those connected with the 
tanning industry. Few tanners and chemi^s are 
so fortunate as to possess a large library where 
the data, immediately required, can be looked up 
at once and problems which need immediate 
solution can be solved without undue delay. 
There are published a great many excellent 
works in this and foreign countries which admir- 
ably fulfill the purpose for which they were 
written, but are lacking that essential so much 
desired by the manufacturer and chemi^, namely: 
quickness of reference. In view of this demand, 
we have compiled a "Handbook for Tanners and 
Chemi^s" which we think will fill that space, so 
long left vacant. In compiling this book we 
have made use of data given by numerous 
authors, as well as original data from our labora- 
tory. The authors feel that this work will be 
given a place among the handbooks of the vari- 
ous trades and professions and tend to complete 
the li^ of useful works intended for quick 
reference. 

THE AUTHORS. 

Milwaukee, Sept. 1 si, 1909. 



TANNERS' AND CHEMISTS' 
HANDBOOK 



THE CARE OF PLATINUM. 

Although platimmi is not oxidized in the air at any tem- 
perature, nor attacked by any single acid, yet there are many 
substances that attack and combine with it at comparatively low 
temperatures. 

The caustic alkalies, the alkaline earths, nitrates and 
cyanides, and especially the hydrates of barium and lithium, 
attack platinum at a red heat, although the alkaline carbonates 
have no effect at the highest temperatures. Sulphur, in the 
absence of alkalies, has no action, but phosphorus and arsenic 
attack platinum when heated with it. 

Direct contact of platinum with burning charcoal should 
be avoided, since the silicon reduced from the charcoal ash 
unites with platinum, making it brittle and liable to fracture. 

Also contact witli compounds of the easily reducible metals 
is especially dangerous at liigh temperatures, as alloys with 
platinum having a low fusing point are readily formed. This is 
especially true of lead. 

Heating of platinum with spirit lamps is jDreferable to the 
use of ordinary gas. Wlien gas is used care should be taken to 
have the supply of air sufficient to insure complete combustion, 
since, with the flame containing free carbon, the platinum suffers 
deterioration by the formation of a carbide of platinum, which 
oxidizing later, blisters the metal. For this reason, also, the 
inner cone or reducing flame should not be in contact with 
the metal. 

The loosening efl-ect of the Bunsen flame upon the surface 
of platinum exposed to its action produces the familiar gray 
appearance which cannot be removed except by burnishing. 
Platinum triangles often become 2:rav and yerv brittle from 



6 Tannees^ and Chemists' Handbook. 

the same caiise. Systematic application of moist sand to all 
articles affected in this way, after use, will keep them in prime 
condition and materially prolong their life, with but a trifling 
loss in weight. 

CLEANING PLATINUM WAEE. 

Enbbing the surface of platinum with moist sea sand 
(round grains only), applied with the finger, serves to remove 
most impurities and to polish the metal without material loss. 

Fusing bisulphate of potash or borax in the dish and then 
boiling in water and polishing as above with sand is recom- 
mended by Gmelin. When it is desired to clean -the outer sur- 
face of dishes in this manner, they must be placed in dishes of 
sufficient size to allow the fused flux to completely envelope the 
article to be cleaned. 

Sodium amalgam possesses the property of wetting plati- 
■ num without amalgamating with it, even when other metals are 
purposely added to the amalgam. This substance is, therefore, 
useful for effecting a quick and thorough cleansing of platinum. 
The amalgam is gently rubbed upon the metal with a cloth and 
then moistened with water, which oxidizes the sodium and leaves 
the mercury free to alloy with foreign metals. The mercury is 
then wiped off and the dish cleaned and polished with sand, as 
above described. 

If the existence of a base metal alloyed with the platinum 
is suspected, immerse the article in question first in boiling HC] 
for a few minutes, then, after thorough rinsing with clean water, 
immerse in boiling HNO3, free from chlorine. 

If the dish is unaffected in weight or appearance, and the 
acid baths fail to give reactions for the base metals, their absence 
in appreciable quantities is assured. 



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Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. ! 

EQUIVALENCY OF STANDARD SOLUTIONS. 

(1906 Atomic Weights.) 

Ic.c. of Normal HCl is Equivalent to 

Gram. 

Ammonia, NH3 01706 

Barimn Hydroxide, Ba(0H)2 + 8H0O 15777 

Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH.) o •" 03705 

Potassium Bicarbonate, KHCOg 10015 

Potassium Carbonate, KoCOg 06915 

Pof^ssium Hydroxide, KOH 5615 

Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCOg 08405 

Sodium Borate Anhydrous,* NagB^ 0- 10105 

Sodium Carbonate, Na,CO, (anhy) 05305 

Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH" 04005 

*Methyl-or angc . 

Ic.c. of Decinormal KMnO^ Solution " 

Gram. 

Acid Oxalic Anh., H0C2O4 004501 

Acid Oxalic Cryst, H^C.O^, 2HoO 0063024 

Ammonia Oxalate, (NHJ.CoO, + H.,0 007108 

Hydrogen Peroxide, H,0.. 0017008 

Iron, Fe ', . '. 0056 

Iron Sulphate, ous, Pe SO4, 7Aq 027807 

Iron and Ammonium SuljDhate, Fe S04(NH4)2S04, 

6H,0 .'.... .039226 

Potassium Nitrite, KNOo . . .00426 

Potassimn Oxalate, Neu. K,C.,0, + H.O 009216 

Potassium Tetraoxalate, KH:C,0, + H.,C,0, + 

2H,0 006355 

Sodium Nitrite, NaNOg 00345 

Sodium Oxalate, NasCgO^ .006705 

Ic.c. of Decinormal NaoSjO^ sol. is equivalent to 

Gram. 

Bromine 007996 

Chlorine 003545 

Chromium Trioxide, CrOg 003336 

Hj^drogen Peroxide, ILO, 0017008 

Iodine \ .'. 012697 

Iron, Fe 0056 

Potassium Bromate, KBrOg 002785 

Potassium Chromate, ICCrO^ 00648 

Potassium Dichromate, KoCr„0 0049083 



10 Tanneks'' and Chemists'" Handbook. 

Potassmm lodate, KIO3 , .003568 

Sodkun Bichromate, Fa, Cr, 0„ 2H2O 004972 

Sodium Chromate, JSTa.CrO/ .......'. • 005403 

Chromic Oxide, Cr.Og' 002536 

Ic.c. of ISTormal KOH is equivalent to 

Gram. 

Acid Acetic, HC0H3O0 06003 

Acid Hydrochloric, HCl ' 03646 

Acid Kitric, HN'Og 06304 

Acid Oxalic, H0C0O4 + 2H,0. . 063024 

Acid Phosphoric*, H^PO^ 09802 

Acid Phosphiric,t HjiPO^ 04901 

Acid Sulphuric 04904 

Acid Sulphuric Anh., SO, 04003 

Acid Tartaric, C^HsOe .07502 

Potassium Bisulphate 13621 

Sodium Bisulphate, NaHSO, 013813 

Lactic Acid, CsHeO., 090 

Formic Acid, HCOOH 046 

*Methyl-oraiige. 

fPhenolphthalein. 

Ic.c. of Decinormal Iodine sol. is equivalent to 

Gram. 

Acid, Arsenious, AsoOg 00495 

Acid Sulphurous, BO^ 003203 

Iron Sulphide, FeS. 004398 

Potassium Bisulphite, KHSO3 .0060105 

Sodium Bis^^lphite, NaHSO. 0052059 

Sodium Sulphide, Na,S, 9H,0 012015 

Sodium Sulphite, NaoSOg, 7H.,0 012614 

Sodium Thiosulphate, jSTa^S^Oj + 5H..0 02483 

Stannous Chloride, SnCL, 2H2O 011296 

PREPAEATION OF HIDE POWDEE. 

To the hide which has been bated and washed, is added 2% 
of its weight of strong hydrochloric acid (comm'l), with suf- 
ficient water to cover the skin. The hide is treated in t^ie drum 
with this deliming medium for about a day and then the whole 
is let stand to soak over night. The next morning the hide is 
thoroughly washed in a drum and then is cut up into pieces 
about an inch square. These are placed in an open vessel such 
as a tul) and treated with another 2% of acid. After standing 



Tannbks' and Chemists^ Handbook. 11 

about a clay and night, running water is conducted into the tub 
near the bottom. The pieces are washed in this manner for 
several days until a freshly cut piece will give no reaction with 
accurate litmus paper. 

The pieces are next put through any convenient press (letter 
press will answer) to remove the greater bulk of the water, and 
then are dried on a cloth in a warm place, with frequent turning 
until thoroughly dry. The time required will be about two or 
three days. 

^he material is then ground and sifted until a very fine 
product is obtained. 

HIDE POWDER STAFDARD (I. A. L. T. C). 

Should not require more than 5c.c. nor less than 2.5c.c. of 
Vio^^OH "to produce a permanent pink with phenolphthalein 
on 6% grams of dry hide powder suspended in water. In 
ordinary washing it must be possible to re.dnce soluble matter 
below 5 mg. per lOOc.c. Should not contain more than 12% 
moisture. 

ACIDS. 

Acetic Acid. 
The following determinations to be made : 
(a) Total acid, (b) mineral acid, (c) acetic acid. 

(a) Total Acid. 

Titrate convenient amount of sample with ^'/, ISTaOH, usins: 
phenolphthalein as indicator. Ic.c. V2 N"aOH =^ .030 grams 
acetic acid. 

(b) Mineral Acid. 

Proceed exactly as described under lactic acid. 

(c) Acetic Acid. 

This is found by calculation and equals the difference be- 
tween the total acid and the mineral acid. 
Example : 

Total acid = 75% as acetic acid. 

Mineral acid (HCl) =2% hydrochloric acid. 



12 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

HCl : CH3COOH :: S% : X- 

36.5 : 60. 

X = HCl as acetic acid. 

75% — X% =^ real acetic acid. 



Boric Acid. 

Following determinations : 

(1) Boric Acid, H3BO3, (2) Boric Acid Salts. 

(1) Dissolve 10-15 grams of the sample in water and make 
up to a liter. IS^eutralize a portion of 50c. c. with dilute alkali, 
using methjd orange as indicator. Heat to boiling to expel any 
CO2 that iiia,j be present. Add 30c.c. of neutral glycerine and 
titrate the mixture with standard alkali using phenolphthalein 
as indicator. Add lOc.c. of glycerine and more alkali, if neces- 
sary, until a permanent end point is produced. 

Ic.c. Vi NaOH = .035 grams B2O3 or .062 grams B (OH) 3. 

(2) This method is applicable to borates, the solution 
being first made neutral to methyl orange by titrating with acid. 
This can be used to detect salts of boric acid in the examination 
of boric acid. 

Ic.c. Vi N"aOH = .0955 grams borax. 

Crude Carbolic Acid. 
Phenol : 

120 grams crude acid are distilled from a small bulb, which 
is attached to a condenser, until about 8 grams remain; the 
distillate is dissolved in ether and shaken out with 10% ISTaOH 
in a separatory funnel. The ethereal layer is washed several 
times with dilute alkali and the aqueous layer several times -witli 
ether. The miited alkali extractions are decomposed with 
HCl (1:1) which is added to acid -reaction, and extracted with 
ether. After the ethereal solutions have been washed with water 
and the acid liquid with ether in a separatory funnel, the ethereal 
solutions are placed in a Aveiglied flask, the ether is distilled off, 
and last traces are removed by attaching the flask to a dephleg- 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 13 

mator and heating same over a wire gauze until an inserted 
thermometer indicates above 100° C. The contents are then 
cooled and weighed. 

Formic Acid. 

(a) Total acidity, (b) formic acid, (c) mineral acids, 
(HCl), (d) acetic acid. 

(a) Total Acidity. 

"Weigh from a covered weighing receptacle abont 15 grams 
of the acid and transfer to a 500c.c. flask containing water, make 
up to the mark with distilled water. Transfer 50c.c. to an assay. 
flask by means of a pipette and heat to boiling to expel carbon 
dioxide, add phenolphthalein, and titrate against V2 N"aOH. 

HCOOH : NaOH :: X : -020 grams (Ic.c. V2 NaOH). 
46 40 : : X : -030 grams. 

• Mcc. V2 J^aOH = .023 grams of formic acid. 

(b) Formic Acid. 

Transfer a 25c.c. portion of the solution to a tall SoOc.c. 
beaker, add 150c.c. of water and 5 grams of fine yellow mercuric 
oxide. Heat on the water bath with stirring for one and one-half 
hours. Meanwhile dry a medium-sized filter paper, placed in a 
vial, at 100° for two hours. The formic acid reduces the oxide 
to metallic mercur}'^, while the acetic and hydrochloric acid form 
soluble salts. Tare the dried paper in its vial on the fine bal- 
ance. Filter oxide through the tared paper, being careful to 
transfer all the black mercury (use stream from the wash bottle) , 
wash with dihite hydrochloric acid and finally with water. Dry 
to constant weight. 

HgO : HCOOH :: wt. Hg : X 
200 46 

Wt. Hg X 46 X 100 X 30 

OAA ^y — r^ri = % formic acid. 

300 X wt. taken. 

(c) Mineral Acids (HCl, etc.). 

(a) HCl. Neutralize 50c.c. of above solution with alkali, 
evaporate and char residue. Filter, add AglSTOg, burn and 
weigh. See under chlorine in soap. (b) HjSO^. Proceed 
as above, add BaCl, and weigh as BaSO^. 



14 Tanners' and Citemists' Handbook. 

(d) Acetic Acid.- 

Sub tract formic acid from total acid as formic. Convert 
HCl into formic (X sUs ) and subtract from difference. The 
difference is due to acetic acid (y). 

HCOOH : CH3GOOH :: y : X 
46 63 ::y : X 

X = % acetic acid. 

A more accurate estimation of acetic acid can be made by 
filtering off the mercuric oxide and mercury and precipitating 
the filtrates with H2S. 

Htdeochlokic Acid. 

Hydrochloric acid of commerce (muriatic acid) is a brown, 
or yellow liquid of 1.20 sp. gr. 

Following determinations: 

(1) (a) HCl by gravity, (b) by titration. 2. Iron. 

(1) a. Determine with an accurate hydrometer and consult 
table. 

b. Dilute 5 grams of the acid with 50c.c. of water and 
titrate against standard alkali, preferably normal. 
Ic.c. Vi KOH = .03646 grams HCl. 
2, Determine iron in usual manner, or reduce with stan- 
nous chloride, remove excess with mercuric chloride solution, add 
20c.c. of titrating fluid and titrate with Vio KMn04. 
Ic.c. Vio KMnO^ = .0056 grams Fe. 

Titrating fluid: 

67 grams MnSO.t, 4 H^O in 500 H2O. 
ISSc.c. Phosphoric acid (sp. gr. 1,7). 
130C.C. Cone. H2SO,. 
Dilute to one liter. 



Lactic Acid. 

Following determinations to be made : 

(a) Total acid, (b) free acid, (c) lactic acid anhydride, 
(d) mineral acid, (e) acetic acid. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 15 

(a) Total acid. 

This is found by calculation and is equal to the sum of the 
free acid (b) and the anhydride (c). 

(b) Free Acid. 

Weigh a suitable amount of sample (this varies with acids 
of different strengths, about 15 grams in 500c. c.) and make up 
to a convenient volume with water^ and titrate 50c.c. with 
V2 NaOH, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Calculate 
result as lactic acid. Ic.c. ^7, NaOH = .045 grams lactic acid. 

(c) Lactic Acid Anhydride. 

When end point has been reached in titration for free acid 
(b), add an additional 20c.c. V2 N^aOH and boil for 10 minutes, 
Then add exactly enough ^/o HCl to exactly neutralize the 
excess of 20c.c. V2 NaOH, added, and titrate a second time with 
^2 N'aOH. Eesult of the last titration is calculated as lactic acid 
anhydride. Ic.c. V2 N"aOH == .0405 grams lactic acid and 
anhydride. 

(d) Mineral Acid. 

Weigh off a convenient amount of sample in a platinum 
shell, add just enough V2 ^aOH to exactly neutralize both the 
free acid and the anhydride, and evaporate on steam bath to 
dryness. Then incinerate to a well-charred mass, take iip with 
boiling water and filter. Wash filter well. Titrate the filtrate 
against V2 HCl. If all the acid is organic, the titration will 
correspond to total acid. Any difference is due to mineral acid, 
and a qualitative test should be made for same, which is probably 
sulphuric acid. 

(e) Acetic Acid. 

If acetic acid is present, it is separated by two distillations 
and titration of the second distillate. A convenient weight of 
sample is made up to about 200c.c. and distilled, 150-175c.c. 
being taken over. This 150-175c.c. is distilled again until about 
10-15C.C. remain. Now titrate distillate with ^/^ N"aOH and 
Calculate result as acetic acid. Ic.c. V2 NaOH = .030 grams 
acetic acid. 



16 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Oxalic Acid. 

Dissolve about 4.5 grams of the sample in water and make 
uiD to one liter. Pipette out 25c.c. into a beaker flask and add 
lOc.c. dil. H2SO4. Dilute with water at 70° C. until a volume 
of about 200c.c. is reached and titrate against ^/^o KMnO^i until 
a permanent pink is obtained. 

Ic.c. Vio^MnO^ = .0063 grams H^CoO,, 2 HoO. 

Oxalates. 

These can be easily determined by adding sufficient sul- 
phuric acid to liberate the acid and titrating as before. 

SuLPHUEio Acid. . 

Commercial acid comes in various strengths and is of a 
more or less brown-grey or black color^ depending upon amount 
of iron, organic matter and other impurities present. 

Following determinations : 

(1) H2SO4. a. By gravity, b. By titration. (2) jSTon- 
volatile impurities. (3) Iron. (4) Lead. (5) Arsenic. 

(a) Use an accurate hydrometer or better pycnometer and 
consult table. 

(b) H2SO4 by titration. 

Weigh out 20 grams of the acid, or measure if specific 
gravity is accurately known, and add to a convenient quantity of 
distilled water. Make the volume up to the mark, after cooling 
to the temperature of calibration marked on the flask with water 
at same temperature. Take 25c.c. and titrate with ^/^ alkali 
or better 50c.c. and titrate with normal alkali, using methyl- 
orange as indicator. 

Ic.c. Vi KOH (or FaOH) = .04904 grams H.SO^. 
2. Non-volatile impurities. 

Volatilize about 3-4 grams in a platinum or porcelain dish 
in tlie hood. Re-weigh. 



Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 17 

The f oUowiiig are occasionally required : 

3. Iron. 

Determine in the residue by dissolving in acid and precipi- 
tating with ammonia. Or reduce a portion of the original acid 
with iron free zinc, wash, dissolve in HCl in the presence of 
sodium bicarbonate in a flask with a Bunsen valve and titrate 
with ^/ic permanganate. 

Ic.c. =-- .0056 grams of iron. 

4. Lead. 

Throw out with alcohol from the 'diluted solution and Aveigh 
as sulphate. 

5. Arsenic. 

Dilute the acid, filter, pass in SO, gas, boil otf the excess, 
cool, titrate with ^/-^q iodine. 

AS2O3 + 41 4- 2H,0 = As^Og + 2HI. 
Ic.c. Vio I = -00495 grams AS2O3. 

Note — The iron present must be corrected for in the result. 



Aluminum Sulphate. 

Following determinations : 

(1) ALO3 (Al2(S04)3, 18 H^O). 2. Iron. 

AI2O3. 

Dissolve about 10 grams of the salt in water and make 
up to 500c. c. Take 50c. c. and precipitate with ammonia in hot 
solution in the presence of ammonium chloride. Let settle, filter, 
wash by decantation with a solution of ammonium nitrate, trans- 
fer to a filter, wash with hot water until the water ceases to react 
for chlorine. Dry, ignite and weigh as AUO,. 

AUOg X 6.533 = Alo(S0j3, 18 HoO. 

2. Iron. 

To 100c. c. of above solution, add an excess of alkali in a 
porcelain casserole, heat to boiling and filter off the precipitated 
Ecg (011)6. Ignite and weigh directly, or better, dissolve in 
HCl and reprecipitate with ammonia. 



18 Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Ikon Salts. 

The sulphate, acetate, nitrate and others may be determined 
by the regular precipitation with ammonia, after oxidizing the 
iron, if in the ferrous state with a little nitric acid. 

ANTIMONY— POTASSIUM TARTEATE. 

Analysis of Tartar Emetic. (C.H^Oe-SbO-K + V^aq.). 

a. Determination of SbaOg. 

Dissolve 5 grams of the salt, from a stoppered weighing 
vial, in water to which some tartaric acid has been added. Make 
up to 500c. c. and take two aliquot portions of 50c.c. each. Add 
to each about 25c.c. of a cold saturated solution of sodium 
bicarbonate. Titrate immediately with Vio iodine until a blue 
color forms with starch as indicator. 

Sb^Og + 2H2O + 41 = 4HI + SboOg. 

.Mc.c. Vio Iodine = .00721 grams of Sb^Og. 

AESENIC SULPHIDE. 

(Eed Arsenic or Orpiment.) (Proctor.) 

Determination of (1) Arsenic, (3) Sulphur, (3) Non- 
volatile Matter. 

(1) Boil 1-2 grams with concentrated nitric acid until dis- 
solved, dilute with water, render strongly alkaline Avitli ammonia, 
filter if necessary and precipitate with a strong solution of 
magnesia mixture (11 gm. crj'st. MgClg. 70c.c. NH^OH ( .90) 
and 130c.c. HgO) and 14 of i^s volume of alcohol. Let stand 24 
hours. Filter off precipitate and wash with a mixture of two 
parts strong ammonia, two parts of water and one part of alcohol. 
Dry the filter, transfer the bulk of the arsenate to a glazed paper. 
Eeplace the paper in the funnel and wash down last portions 
of arsenate into a porcelain crucible with nitric acid. Ignite and 
then transfer the bulk of the ppt. to the crucible. Heat the 
crucible to redness while covered. Uncover and heat very 
strongl}^ Transfer while warm to a desiccator, cool and weigh. 

Mg.As.O, X m or .483 = As. 



Takners' and Ci-iemists' Handbook. 19 

■ (2) Sulphur. Oxidize 10-20 grams of sample with a mix- 
ture of 3 Tolumes of nitric to 1 volume hydrochloric acid. 
Evaporate to dryness several times with HCl, filter and de- 
termine the H2SO4 in the usual manner. 

BaSO^ X -1373 = Sulphur. 

(3) Volatize not more than 1 gram in a good hood, in a 
porcelain crucible. The non-volatile matter is left and can be 
weighed. 

CHEOME LIQUOR. 

I. (a) CraOg. Dilute 25c.c. of sample to lOOOc.c. Draw 
off 25c.c. of this into Erlenmeyer flask, add a little more water 
and then add slowly sufficient FajO^ to completely oxidize the 
chrome. When effervesence ceases, boil for about 15 minutes, 
cool under tap, add cone. HCl in excess, cool again, add KI 
solution, and titrate with ^/^o hypo, using starch. Ic.c. ^/k, hypo 
= .0025360 grams Cr.O,. 

In case of very basic liquors which precipitate out on dilu- 
tion, add about 25c.c. of dilute sulphuric acid before dilution — 
that is, add 25c.c. of dil. H2SO4 to 25c.c. of the original liquor 
and make up to lOOOc.c. 

(b) Acidity (H2SOJ. 

Take 50c.c. of the solution, dilute and titrate against V2 
IsTaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. 

c.c. X H3SO4 value of NaOH X 100.^ ^^ 
c.c. taken (^g of 25c.c.) 

Acidity of Basic Chrome Liquor. 

Take 2-5c.c. of original liquor, add 15c.c. of H2SO4 acid 
(half normal) dilute to convenient volume, and titrate as before. 

C.C. I NaOH-15c.c. | H^SO^ X HgSO^ value of NaOH X 100 _ «, „ en 
C.C taken 

Proportion of acid to chrome. See Leather. 

A more accurate method for chrome will be found under 
chrome leather. 

II. Modification of BoUenhach's Method. 

Place 10-15 grams of pure potassium nitrate, 2-5 grams of 
pure lead nitrate and 4-5 grams of barium sulphate in a 500c.c. 



20 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

flask and cover with about a lOOc.c. of hot water. Drop in 
potassium permanganate (Vio) nntil the violet color becomes 
permanent. The chrome liquor is then diluted from 10-20 
times depending upon its strength, the former figTire correspond- 
ing to about 5% CtoOs', 25c. c. are neutralized with alkali, made 
just acid with nitric acid and added to the contents of the flask 
together with water sufficient to give a dilution of about 400c. c. 
The mixture is then heated to boiling and the permanganate 
slowly dropped in "^dth constant shaking. When a violet color 
is permanent on standing and observed after the liquid becomes 
clear on the top due to the precipitated lead chromate settling 
out, the titration is finished. 

Ic.c. V:o KMnO, = 15.2 mgs. of Cr^Os. 

2 KMnO, + Cr,(S0j3 + 4H,0 = 2H,CrO, + K^SO, 
+ 2MnO, + 2H2SO4. 



COAL. 

All weighings are to be done on the air -dry basis. Eeport 
is to be made also "as received" and "oven dry." 

(1) Moisture, (2) Ash, (3) Volatile Combustibles, (4) 
Fixed Carbon, (5) Calorific Value, (6) Sulphur. 

1. (a) "Air Dry" Moisture. 

Weigh out about a kilogram of the well sampled coal into 
an open tray. Let stand at room temperature over night. Ee- 
weigh. The loss is air dry moisture. Sample the above by 
quartering down and finally from a weighing vial full (80 
mesh), weigh out sufficient quantities for the following deter- 
minations : 

(b) Moisture on oven drying. 

Dry 1 gram of the coal in an air oven at 105 °C. for 1 hour. 
Cool in the desiccator and reweigh. 

2. Ash. 

Burn 1 gram in a platinum crucible until a grey or white 
ash is obtained. 



Tanners' and Cpiemists' Handbook. 21 

3. Volatile Combustibles. 

Transfer the oven dry sample to a platinum crucible. Heat 
with a low flame 3I/2 minutes, and with the full heat of the 
burner for the same length of time, the crucible being carefully 
covered. Eeweigh. 

4. Fixed Carbon. 

Subtract the moisture, ash and volatile combustibles 
from 10n%. 

5. Calorific A^alue. (Parr's Calorimeter.) 

Place ^ gram of dried coal, 60-80 mesh, with about % 
gram of boro-mixturC;, in the bomb chamber, i^dd one measure 
of special sodium peroxide, close tightly and shake well, tapping 
charge to the bottom at the. end. Place two liters of water at 
room temperature in the can, place bomb in position, put on 
cover, place in the thermometer so that bulb is one-half way 
down, start motor, and secure a temperature reading by aid of 
magnifying glass, when constant. 

Ignite by means of batteries, and take maximum tempera- 
ture. Dismantle and clean and dry bomb very carefully. 

Calculation. 

^ gram coal used. 

Rise in temperature ^= 4.501 °F. 

Correction for wire and mixture .481°F. 



Else due to combustion 4.020°F. 

4.020° X 3117 = B. T. U. 

To obtain this factor, the water equivalent is 2135 for i/^ 
gram and .73% of combustion is due to carbon of coal. 

2135 X 2 X '^3 = 3117 cal 

6. Sulphur. 

Dissolve the residue in the bomb in warm water, acidify 
with dilute hydrochloric acid and boil off the oxygen evolved. 
Determine in the usual manner. 



22 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

COPPEE. 

Analysis of Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol). 

(a) Determination of Insolnbles. 

Dissolve about 20 grams in water and filter on a tared filter 
paper. 

(b) Iron. 

Take lOOc.c. of the filtrate from (a) made up to SOOc.c, 
and precipitate with ammonia, filter, dissolve in dilute HCl on 
the filter, wash, precipitate solution with H^S gas, filter, add a 
few drops of nitric acid to filter to oxidize iron and finally 
precipitate with ammonia, filter, dry, ignite and weigh as Pe^O.. 

(c) Lime. 

Determine in the usual manner. After ignition to CaCO., 
dissolve in acid and remove iron with ammonia. The percentage 
of CUSO4 may be obtained by the difference. 

DYE STUFFS. 

I. (a) Logwood Crystals. 

Mordant 1 skein of wool (5 grams) with 3% KoCr^O^ and 
6% cream of tartar dissolved in SOOc.c. of water (60°C), agitat- 
ing frequently and keeping bath at 60 °C for twenty minutes. 
Eemove wool and wash in clear water. "Wool is now ready for 
dye bath. 

Dissolve 1 gram logwood crystals in 1 liter boiling water, 
take lOOc.c. and add to dye cup containing 500c. c. boiling water. 
When temperature of bath reaches 90 °C, begin dyeing the 
mordanted wool, continuing same with frequent agitation for 
one-half hour. Eemove wool, wash and hang up to dry. 

(b) Logwood Paste — Use 3% logAvood on weight of wool. 

II. N'iGROSiNE ON Wool. 

Dye in usual manner, without mordanting, for 30 minutes 
at 90° C, using following in the dye cup : 500 c.c. water, .5 grams 
nigrosine, 1 gram glauber salt, Ic.c. dilute sulphuric acid. 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. ^3 

III. Turmeric on Wool,- 

Weigh off exactly 5 grams of sample^ place in a large cas- 
serole, add 700c.c. hot water and allow to digest on steam bath 
for one hour. Make up to lOOOc.c, draw off 200c.c. into dye 
cup, add 400c.c. hot water, and dye wool in same for 30 minutes 
at 90°C. - 

IV. Fustic Extract on Wool. 

Dissolve 10 grams sample in lOOOc.c. hot water, draw off 
lOOc.c. into dye cup, add 500c.c. hot water and dye wool in same 
for 30 minutes at 90° C. 

V. Direct Dyestuffs on Unmordanted Cotton. 

Solution — Dissolve 2 grams dyestuff in liter flask, add 30 
grams glauber salt in solution and make up to volume. Add 
25c.c. of this solution to dye cup containing OOOc.c. hot water and 
5 grams glauher salt. Dye unmordanted cotton in same for 
one-half hour at 90° C. 

VI. Basic Dyestuffs on Mordanted Cotton. 

Dissolve .5 gram sample in liter flask in warm water, add 
Ic.c. acetic acid, make up to- volume ; add lOOc.c. of this to dye cup 
containing 500c.c. water and dye one-half hour at 80°C-90°C. 



COMMEKCIAL EGG YOLK. 

Sampling : Collect 300 grams after thoroughly rolling tlie 
barrel. 

Determination of Moisture and Fat in Egg-YoU' — About 
20 grams of sand, previously treated with HCl and well washed 
and ignited, is placed in a flat basin of 21/^-3 inches diamater and 
%-% inches deep. A glass rod about 3 inches long is added, and 
the whole after drying at 110° C, is cooled and weighed. 3-5 
gram yolk is now added, and quickly weighed before mixing. 
The basin is then placed on black glazed pajJer, and sand and 
egg carefully mixed with the rod and dried in the air-oven for 
two hours at 105-110° C, and again placed on glazed paper and 
the hardened surface cut through and broken up with a scalpel. 



24 Taxnet'.s' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Or break the mass occasionally Avith the rod, as it dries while 
the substance remains in the dish. It is returned to the oven 
and dried till it ceases to lose weight, which may require twelve 
hours. It is then weighed and the loss calculated as water. 

The mixture is next transferred to a mortar, using a scalpel 
or knife. After rubbing up finely, it is placed in a filter paper 
in a Soxhlet apparatus, and covered with a little glass wool. 
The extraction may be made with ether, light petroleum ether, 
or carbon disulphide. The mortar and basin are washed out 
with the solvent, and the washings poured into the Soxhlet, and 
the extraction proceeded with as usual, allowing the solvent to 
syphon about eighteen times in the first, and six times in the 
second flask. Transfer the extraction to a beaker. It is then 
distilled off, and the oil weighed in the usual way when constant, 
which may require almost an hour. The weight of the residue 
is then calculated to 100 grams of the yolk and mention is made 
in the report of the solvent used. Where boric acid is present, a 
certain portion is extracted with the fat and must be determined 
and subtracted from the Aveight of the fat. To detect boric acid, 
burn a little alcohol that has been heated with the fat, when a 
green flame indicates boric acid. If present, three grams of the 
fat are extracted with warm water, glycerine added and titration 
made against ^/^ jSTaOH. 

Ic.c. N/i NaOH = .063 grams boric acid. 

Common salt may be determined by extracting the thimble 
with warm water and titrating with ^/-^^ AgNOg solution 
(= .0035 gm. CI or .0058 gm. NaCl). Ash is estimated by 
carbonizing 10 grams of the yolk in a platinum basin at a low 
temperatu.re, extracting with warm water, ashing the carbonace- 
ous mass, adding the wash waters and evaporating the whole. Dry 
at 110-120°C. and reweigh. (Proctor.) 



FORMALDEHYDE. 

(1) (Method of Dr. Clemens Kleber.) 

To commercial concentrated bisulphite of soda solution, 
which generally contains a considerable quantity of free SO.,, a 
solution of pure caustic soda is added, until the odor of SOg has 
completely disappeared. Xo special care is required in this 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. ' 25 

operation as a slight excess of caustic soda over the quantity 
necessar}' for deodorizing is immaterial. Then this solution is 
diluted with water, until 30c.c. of it exactly neutralize 50c. c. of 
normal caustic soda, using phenolphthalein as indicator. 

Toward this solution, formaldehyde behaves like an alkali 
and can be titrated accordingly. 

For the practical analysis, 5 grams (or 5c.c. if volume per 
cent, is desired) of the formaldehyde solution to be tested are 
put into a flask with addition of a few drops of phenolphthalein. 
Than the liquid which is generally somewhat acid, is exactly 
neutralized by a few drops of caustic soda solution, and hereafter 
the bisulphite solution is slowly run in from a burette until the 
red coloration, which is immediately produced, has disappeared 
again. With the strong (40%) commercial solution of formalde- 
hyde, which becomes sufficiently warm by the formation of the 
bisulphite compound, the reaction is generally complete with the 
decolorization and the red color does not return on heating or 
standing; but in the case of weak solutions, the liquid should. 

(2) Blank & Finkenbeiner's Method. 

Three grams of the solution (40%) are weighed into a 
tall conical Erlenmeyer flask with 25c.c. of double normal 
NaOH solution and 50c.c. of 2.5-3% hydrogen peroxide, previ- 
oiisly neutralized with l^aOH, are slowly added during about 
three minutes; the mixture is then allowed to stand at least half 
an hour and is then titrated back with double normal HoSO^ or 
HCl in presence of phenolphthalein. If 36c.c. of H2S04(2jSr) 
are required to neutralize the soda, 20c. c. of the latter have been 
consumed by the formic acid formed, and multiplied by 2 give 
40% as strength of the formaldehyde. 

SOc.c. - 30 X 2 X .n.S y 100 ^ 



GLYCEEmE. 

1. Acetine Method. 

Weigh out 1-1%. grams of sample in a wide-necked, small, 
round-bottom flask of about lOOc.c. capacity; 7-8 grams acetic 
anhydride are added with about 3 grams dehydrated acetate of 
soda. The mass is boiled on a reflux for 1-114 hours on sand 



26 Tanjstees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

bath. It is then allowed to cool somewhat, diluted with 50c.c. 
water through top of condenser, and likewise heated on the 
reflux until the oil is completely dissolved. The solution is now 
filtered into a 400-600c.c. flask (wide-necked) . Usually a copious 
floculent white precipitate remains on the filter. The solution 
is allowed to cool, phenolphthalein added, after which it is 
exactly neutralized with dilute alkali from dropping funnel. 
This is accomplished when the yellow color changes to reddish 
yellow. Cold solutions must he used in order that the tri-acetin 
will not saponify; 25c.e. of a 10% solution of alkali is then 
added. Now boil for 15 minutes and then titrate back with HCl. 
Also titrate another 25c.c. of the 10% alkali with the HCl as a 
blank. The difference indicates the alkali used by the triacetin. 
This is then calculated into glycerine. 

3 mol. NaOH represent 1 mol. glycerine. 
Ic.c. V2 I^aOH = 0.0153 grams glycerol, 
or 

c.c. NaOH X I factor X 92 X 100 ^ , 

120 X Wl. taken = % gly^^'^^l" 

II. Bichromate Method. 

Place about 1.5 grams of the glycerine in a lOOc.c. gradu- 
ated flask, add a little silver oxide to remove any chlorides, dilute 
slightly with water and add an excess of basic lead acetate. Make 
up to volume and filter an aliquot portion through a dry filter 
into a beaker previously cleaned with bichromate and sulphuric 
acid. 

The following solutions are required for the titration: 

1. Strong KgCrgO^ solution, 75 grams in 1.50c.c. of strong 
acid previously diluted with water. Make to 1 liter. Standard- 
ize against pure iron wire. 

3. Ferrous-ammonium sulphate — 240 grams per liter. 

3. Weak KsCroO^ solution, 7.5 grams to the liter. 

Determination. 

To the solution in the beaker, add 35c.c." of cone, sulphuric 
acid previously diluted and 50c.c. of the strong bichromate, 
carefully measured. Heat to boiling for two hours. Titrate 
the excess of l^icliromate witli the stronger iron solution, which 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 27 

in turn is titrated back with the weak bichromate using potas- 
sium ferricyanide as indicator. 

Ic.c. of the (NHJo^eSO^ solution -= .01 gram glycerine. 

dUM AEABIC. 

(1) *Ash, (2) *Dextrin, (3) Sugar. 

1. Determine in usual manner. Shou.ld not exceed 4%. 

^. Dextrin. 

The solution is concentrated to a syrup^ mixed with ten 
times its volume of rectified spirit and the resultant precipitate 
washed with rectified spirit and dried. 

1 gram of the dry residue is then dissolved in lOc.c. of 
water, the solution mixed with SOc.c. of proof spirit, -i drops of 
26% FeClg solution added, followed by a few decigrams of pow- 
dered chalk, and after stirring briskly and leaving the liquid at 
rest for a few minutes is filtered. The precipitate is washed with 
proof spirit and the dextrin is precipitated from the filtrate by 
adding very strong alcohol. After twenty-four hours the spirit- 
ous liquid is decanted, the dextrin dissolved in a small quantity 
of water, the resultant solution evaporated at lOOc.c. and the 
residue weighed. 

3. Sugar. Dilute 10 grams of the syrup with 100c. c. of 
spirit of .800 sp. gr., and add 20 drops of acetic acid and stir 
vigorously. After three hours the liquid is poured on a double 
filter, when the gum forms a cake which readily drains. This 
is dissolved in a little water and the precipitation repeated, the 
precipitate washed with alcohol, dried at 100° C. and weighed. 
It is then exposed to the atmosphere for 24 hours when it will 
have taken up its normal amount of water. 

1. *Roussin. 2 *Andonard. 

GUM SHELLAC* (Mcllhiney Method.) 

Dissolve in 20c.c. of glacial acetic acid, or the same volume 
of absolute alcohol the 2 grams of the sample to be anal^'^zed. 
This requires a gentle heat. Add to the solution after cooling, 
100-300c.c. of petrolic ether boiling under 80° C. The addition 



28 TanjSters' and Chemists' Handbook. 

of the petrolic ether should be made slowly^ because the addition 
of so large an amount of petrolic ether precipitates from its 
solution a part of the shellac, combined apparently in case 
acetic acid was the original solvent with acetic acid to form a 
liquid precipitate. 

We have now a solution containing both petrolic ether and 
glacial acetic acid, and containing in it, in solution, all the 
resin, all the wax and most of the resinous portion of the shellac. 
Add now to this solution, drop by drop, lOOc.c. of water, agitat- 
ing the liquid during the addition. The water "unites with" 
the alcohol or acetic acid and separates from the liquid the 
petrolic ether with whatever is soluble in petrolic ether. This 
includes the resin and the wax. The shellac is also precipitated, 
but as it is insoluble in petrolic ether, it remains as a precipitate 
suspended in the diluted alcohol or acetic acid. Effect a separa- 
tion of the two layers in a separatory funnel. The petrolic ether 
laj^er is washed once or twice with water and then filtered 
through a dry paper into a weighed flask. To the weighed 
residue neutral alcohol is added, and the flask heated to dissolve 
the resin in the alcohol. The liquid is titrated with ^■^/^g or ^/-^^ 
caustic potash. The equivalent is 346. 

*Am. Chem. Soc. 1908, 867. 

GUM. TEAGACANTH. 

Presence of Indian Gums.* 

Two grams of gum are shaken with 100c. c. of cold water 
until thoroughly swollen and free from lumps. Two grams of 
powdered borax are then added and the mixture shaken until 
the borax is dissolved. The mixture is allowed to stand over 
night. The tragacanth mucilage will then show no change in 
consistency or appearance, beyond a slight darkening in color. 
The Indian gum will have lost its transparency and become 
slimy. On pouring it out of its container it strings out very 
markedly. If two or three drops be manipulated between the 
thumb and forefinger, strings several inches long will "be pro- 
duced. A mixture of 5% of Indian gum with 95% of 
tragacanth will form a string one-quarter to one-half inch in 
length when tested this way in a 2% solution. 

*L. Scoville — ^Drug Cir., Mar., '09. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 29 

LEAD ACETATE. 

Following determinations: 
(1) Lead, (3) Acetic Acid. 

(1) Lead. 

Treat a solution of the acetate with dilute sulphuric acid 
and twice its volume of alcohol. Filter after standing some 
hours. Wash until there is no acid reaction, dry the paper and 
tra:y^fer the bulk of the precipitate to a glazed paper. Burn 
the paper on a platinum wire, place ash in a tared porcelain 
crucible. Oxidize any reduced lead with a little nitric and 
sulphuric acids, evaporate in the water bath, add the bulk of the 
precipitate, ignite and weigh as lead sulphate. (PbSO^.) 

PbSO^ X .68294 = Pb., or X .73575 = PbO. 

(2) Acetic Acid. 

To a known quantity of the salt dissolved in carbon dioxide 
free water, add phenolphthalein and standard alkali until alka- 
line. Titrate back after filtering the excess, of the alkali with 
standard acetic acid, whicli will correspond directly to the 
"bound" acid. 

c.c. X factor of acetic acid solution = wt. acetic acid. 

LEATHEE, VEGETABLE. 

Following Determinations : 

(a) Moisture, (b) Fat, (c) Ash, (d) BaSO^, (e) MgS047Aq, 
(f) Glucose, (g) Hide Substance, (h) Tannin, (i) Proportion 
of Tannin in Pure Leather, (j) Tensile Strength in Case of 
Harness Leather. 

(Prepare sample by cutting- into fine pieces i/g-inch square.) 

(a) Moisture. 

Dry a 5 gram sample at 105 °C for eight hours and calculate 
loss of weight as moisture. 

(b) Fat. 

Extract a 10 gram sample in a Soxhlet extractor, using 
petroleum ether (with low boiling point) as the fat solvent. 



'^0 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Extract from 4-6 hours, drive off ether, recovering same, blow 
out, dry in an oven at about 95° for one hour, cool and weigh. 

(c) AsJi. 

Burn a 3-5 gram sample in a porcelain crucible in hood to 
a fine ash and weigh. 

(d) BaSO^. 

Generally the following method is sufficiently accurate : 
Treat ash with hot water and cone. HCl, throw on filter, wash, 
ignite and weigh as BaSO^. 

The following method will insure pure BaSO^ : Fuse ash 
with JSTaaCOg and treat with water. Add HCl and precipitate 
with H2SO4, and continue as above. 

(e) Epsom Salt (MgSOjAq). 

The part of the ash soluble in acid is neutralized with 
NH4OH in excess and boiled. Filter, add ammonium oxalate 
and more NH^OH, heat and let stand for an hour at least, and 
filter. Cool, filtrate, add more' ISTH^OH, and treat with sodium 
phosphate in excess. Let stand six hours at least. Filter and 
wash with ammonia water 10%. Place filter and precipitate in 
oven to dry; then remove as much of precipitate as possible to 
a weighed platinum crucible, ignite filter paper on a platinum 
wire above crucible, permitting ash to drop into crucible. Now 
apply strong heat and continue until contents are perfectly white. 
Cool and weigh as Mg^P^O.j. 

MgaP^O^ X 2.213 ^MgSO^rAq. 
MgjP^O^ X .3623 = MgO. 

iSToTE — For more complete analyses of ash, see under chrome 
leather. 

(f) Glucose. 

Shave or cut leather into pieces %-inch square, and extract 
20 grams with hot water for 3-4 hours. Make extraction up to 
500c.c. Discard 300c.c. of this and add 20c.c. of basic lead 
acetate solution; take llOc.c. and add lOc.c. of a saturated solu- 
tion of sodium sulphate. Agitate and let stand for some time, 
then filter; take 25c.c. and add to 60c.c. of Fehling's solution, 
dilute to 145c.c. and bring to a boil. Place in boiling water 



Tanis^ers' axd Che:mists' Handbook. 31 

bath for one-half hour. Filter through a dry weighed Gooch 
ci'ucible^ wash with water and finally with a few drops of alcohol. 
Dry two hours and weigh. Multiply X .8883 = copper. Look 
up dextrose in table. 

Example — 130 Mg dextrose = 0.1300 grams. 
0.12XfX2xWor 22X100 _ ^ ^^^^^^^^ 
20 grams ^ ^ 

(g) Hide Substance. 

^Method (1). 

Take leather from Soxhlet extractor, after fat has been 
extracted, and dry in the oven at 105° C to constant weight (7-8 
hours). (Sole leathers containing practically no fat, may be 
taken in their original state.) Quickly weigh off .7 grams of the 
leather into a Kjeldahl flask, add 30c.c. cone. HoSO^ and a small 
bead of mercury. Place small funnel in mouth of flask and heat 
over direct flame until leather is dissolved; agitate and continue 
heating until contents become clear and colorless. Allow to 
cool, add water cautiously, and agitate. Next add a few small 
pieces of zinc, then lO-SOc.c.KaoS solution (50 grams — lOOOc.c), 
and lastly add cautiously 65c.c. cone. NaOH solution and imme- 
diately attach to Kjeldahl apparatus, agitate again, and distill 
over into assay flask containing 35C.C.V2H.SO4 and a convenient 
quantity of water. Distill over at least 150c. c. and then titrate 
against standard ammonia, using cochineal as indicator. At 
the same time titrate 35c.c. of the ^/o IIoSO^ against the am- 
monia, as a blank. The difference between the blank and the 
regular determination, indicates the amount of ammonia that 
was formed from the nitrogen present in the leather ; and since 
the hide of the ox, calf and horse contains 17.8% of nitrogen, it 
is easy to calculate the percentage of hide substance in a sample 
of leather. 

The percentage of hide substance is expressed on original 
Aveight of the leather, not on the moisture and fat free basis as 
weighed out. 

The reaction in the determination is as follows: 
H,SO, -f 3KH,0H == (NHJ.SO, H- 3H,0. 
.'.98 : 28 :: .0345 (V2 factor) : X 

therefore one c.c. of ^7, HoSO^ equals .007 grams nitrogen or 
if, X .007 grams of hide substance, as there is 17.8% of 
nitrogen in hide substance. 



32 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Therefore, le.c. ^y, H.SO^ = .03932 grams of hide sub- 
stance. 

Example : 

25C.C. H2SO4 blank required 25.5c.c. NIl^OH. 
25c.c. H0SO4 in experiment required 17.5 NH^OH. 
17.5C.C. NH.OH X i'5 = 17.15e.c. of exactly V2 NH.OH 
and is equivalent to the sulphuric acid neutralized. 

25— 17.15C.C. = 7.85C.C. V2 H^SO^ neutralized. 

7 85 X .039,32 



wt. taken -i- [\00% - (%H.,0 -j- % fat)] 



■= % hide substance. 



Method (2). 

Use 7-8 grams of pure potassium sulphate for the oxida- 
tion in place of mercury, omitting the sulphide. It is probably 
advantageous to use weaker solutions, ^/- or even ^/n, for the 
titrations in both methods. Cochineal is more reliable indi- 
cator than methyl-orange in jaresence of ammonia. 

Method (3) (Bennett). 

Place .4 - .5 grams of leather in the digestion flask and 
heat with 15c.c. of sulphuric acid. Cool. Neutralize the excess 
of acid first with 50% alkali and finish with Vio NaOH, 
phenolphthalein as indicator. Add 25c.c. of 40% formalde- 
hyde previously neutralized Avith barium carbonate, and titrate 
the liberated acid with Vk. NaOH. 

2(JsTHJ,S0, + 6HC.H0 = 2H,S0, + ^(CH.lSr-CHs),. 

(h) Tannin. 

This is determined by difference, i. e., by subtracting the 
sum of the other ingredients from 100. The magnesium is 
calcTilated as MgS047Aq, and therefore it must not be reckoned 
as a part of the ash; 48.87% of the epsom salts is MgS04, which 
is the form in which it appears in the ash. This must be kept 
well in mind in making the computation. It must also 
be borne in mind that the leather in which the nitrogen was 
estimated, is fat and moisture free. The percentage found in 
the leather, multiplied by the total of fat and moisture, sul;- 
tracted from 100, gives the percentage of hide substance in the 
original leather. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 33 

(i) Tannin in Pure Leather or Proportion. 

This is the relative amount of tannin to hide substance, and 
is obtained by dividing the percent, of tannin b}^ the sum of the 
hide substance and the tannin and multiplying by 100. This 
shows at a glance whether the leather is over or under tanned. 

(j) Tensile Strength. 

This is gotten by means of a machine made for that purpose. 
The principle is merely the gradual increase of tension by 
weigMs until the leather breaks, when the number of pounds 
added is called the tensile strength. 

Eeagents Eeperred to Above. 

(1) Basic Lead Acetate Solution. 

Pulverize 300 gr.ams of lead acetate and mix it with 100 
grams finely powdered yellow oxide of lead. Now add 50c.c. 
water and heat on water bath with occasional stirring for some 
hours, the water lost by evaporation being replaced from time 
•to time. Add water to make lOOOc.c, shake, allow to settle, filter 
off clear liquid and same is ready for use. 

(2) Fehling Solution. 

a. The copper solution: Dissolve 34.64 grams of carefully 
selected small crystals of cupric sulphate, showing no trace of 
efflorescence or adhering moisture, in a sufficient quantity of 
water to make 500c.c. 

b. The Eochelle salt solution : Dissolve 173 grams of 
potassium sodium tartrate and 125 grams of KOH in 500c. c. 
water. 

Keep these solutions separate, and when needed, mix equal 
quantities of each (30c.c.) ; lOc.c. of the mixed solution will 
react with about .05 grams of glucose (anhydrous CgHioOe). 

Leather, Chrome. 

(a) Fat, (b) Ash, (c) Cr^Og, (d) Analysis of Ash, (e) 
Total Sulphates, (f) Fixed Sulphates, (g) Sulphuric Acid, 
(h) Proportion of Acid to Chrome, 
(a) and (b) Fat and Ash. 

Determine preciselv as in vegetable leather, 
(c) Cr,0,. 



"34 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Transfer ash to siiiall iron crucible, mix with a suitable 
quantity of sodium ^jeroxide and fuse well. Allow to cool, place 
in small casserole, cover with water and boil for about 20 min- 
utes; cool and make up to 500c.c. Let settle and then filter. To 
lOOc.c. of this, add concentrated HCl in excess and 25c.c. KI 
solution (-±5 grams — 750c.c.) and titrate against ^/;,n hypo using 
starch as indicator. 

Ic.c. Vio Vpo = .00253GO grams CroOg. 

(d) Analysis of Ash. 

Take the ash of a 3-4 graiu sample in a platinum crucible 
and fuse with a mixture of sodiujii carbonate and potassimu 
chlorate (3 part NaoCOg : 1/2 parts KCIO3). Take up with 
dilute hydrochloric acid. Filter. (Fixed sulphates can be de- 
termined at this stage by making to volume and taking an 
aliquot portion.) 

(1) BaSO,. 

If any barium sulphate is present, it will be left as an 
insoluble residue on the filter paper, together with traces of 
other materials which are generally neglectible in quantity. If 
necessary, fuse and reprecipitate by adding dilute HCl to the 
fusion mixture dissolved in a little water. 

(2) ALO3— Fe.Os. 

Make the filtrate alkaline with ammonia, heat to boiling, 
filter, Avash well with hot water and ignite and weigh as 
^^203 + FcoOo. To separate these oxides, fuse with sodium 
carbonate in a platinum crucible, dissolve the fusion with hot 
water and filter. The iron will be left on the filter as oxide. 
Dissolve in HCl and precipitate with ammonia and determine 
in the usual manner. Determine the aluminum by acidifying 
the filtrate or by difference. If only a determination of alu- 
minum is wanted, as in the analysis of alum tanned leathers, 
take up the fusion of the original ash with water instead of 
hydrochloric acid and proceed with the precipitation as above. 

3. Calcium Oxide. 

The filtrate from the iron and alumina oxides is made 
slightly alkaline, if not already so, heated to boiling and pre- 
cipitated with an excess of ammonium oxalate. Weigh as sul- 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 35 

pliate, or dissolve in dilute suljilmric acid and titrate with 
permanganate. 

4-. Magnesia. 

If present determine in the filtrate as described in (e) in 
vegetable leathers. Eeport as MgSO^. 

(e) I'otal Sulphate. 

To a 3-5 gram sample, in a large porcelain crucible, add 
10-l^.c. ^/s alcoholic KOH. Evaporate on steam bath until 
almost dry and ignite. Eeduce by the addition of water, l-2c.c. 
concentrated HCl and 3-5c.c. alcohol, digest on steam bath for 
several hours, precipitate with ammonia in excess, filter, wash 
well with boiling water; next acidify filtrate with HCl, add 
BaCL, heat, allow to settle, filter, Avash, ignite, cool and weigh 
as BaSO,. 

BaSO^ X -i^OS = HoSO^. 
Calculate total sidpliates as H^SO^. 

(f) Fixed Sulpliates. 

1. Acidify the ash of a 3-5 gram sample with HCl, add a 
little alcohol, and allow to digest on steam bath for several hours. 
Next add ammonia in excess and boil, filter, wash well with 
boiling water, acidify filtrate with HCl, add BaCL, heat, allow 
to settle, filter, wash, ignite, cool and weigh as BaSO^. Calculate 
into H2SO4. 

2. Better results are obtained by fusing ash with ISTagCOg 
and precipitating the filtrate, or proceed as in "Analysis of 
Ash," preceding. 

(g) Sulphuric Acid. 

This is gotten by calculation, and equals the difference 
between the "total" and "fixed" sulphates. 

(h) Proportion of Acid to Chrome. 
The following formula will readily explain the calculation: 

48.9 
„. ^ — P^ — = Parts of acid equivalent to Cr^O,. 

152~ 



36 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Lime (CaO). 
I. Preliminary. • 

Test qualitatively for magnesium ; if present in small quan- 
tities, follow (a) ; if in large quantities, (b). 

A. Calcium Oxide. 

(a) Dissolve about three grams of a well sampled portion 
of the lime in dilute hydrochloric acid; make up to 500c.c., take 
SOc.c. of the solution by means of a pipette, and place in a 
medium to large sized beaker. Dilute to 400c. c, heat to boiling 
with a slight excess of ammonia, add an excess of ammonium 
oxalate solution and let stand for several hours. Filter off the 
precipitated oxalate, wash well, dry, filter, bum in a platinum 
crucible, add to the mass a fine mixture of equal parts of ammo- 
nium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, cover crucible; volatize 
the ammonium salts, ignite and weigh as calcium sulphate, or 
add a few c.c. dilute sulphuric acid, which will also effect the 
conversion into sulphate. 

CaSO^ X -41158 = CaO. 
Wt. CaO X 100 _ 
wt. taken. 

Save filtrate for magnesium. 

(b)In Presence of Large Amounts of Magnesium: Proceed 
as above, re-dissolve the precipitated oxalate in dilute hydro- 
chloric acid and re-precipitate, adding a few c.cs. of ammonium 
chloride, and an excess of ammonia. Heat to boiling, add a few 
c.c. of ammonium oxalate, let stand, filter and ignite and weigh 
the calcium as in (a). Save filtrate. 

B. Magnesium. 

Combine filtrates if method (b) has been used, concentrate 
until a volume of about 400c. c. is secured, add l^ of its volume 
of 10% ammonia. Let the solution be cooled down as cold as 
possible, then add drop by drop with constant stirring sodium 
phosphate solution. Let the precipitate stand over night, filter 
off the magnesium ammonium phosphate, wash with 2% ammo- 
nia, dry, filter, bum the paper on a platinum wire, letting ash 
fall into a weighed platinum crucible. Add the bulk of precipi- 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 37 

tate (kept on covered glazed paper) to the crucible by means 
of a brush, ignite to magnesium pyrophosphate, cool and weigh, 

Mg^P^O, X .36343 = MgO. 

Note — Filter off iron and aluminum hydrates if necessary 
in (A). 

C. Carbon Dioxide — Follow directions with the alkalimeter. 

II. Rapid Method for Available Lime. 

X)btain as accurate a sample as possible. Pulverize a repre- 
sentative portion and weigh into a liter flask nearly full of hot, 
boiled out water, a little less than 1 gram of the sample, shake 
and let stand for several hours. Make up to the mark. Titrate 
25-50C.C. of this solution with Vio hydrochloric acid. Ic.c. = 
.0028 grams CaO. 

Determination of Dissolved Hide in SoaTc and Lime 
Liquors. 

A. Stiasn/s Method. 

The principle depends upon the fact that amino acids 
(decomposition products of hide substance) condensed with for- 
maldehyde are increased in acid character. 

I. Process for Soak Liquors. 

Place 200c.c. in a 250c.c. flask and add 20c.c. of a 5% 
solution of zinc sulphate. Make up to the mark, shake well and 
let stand for a few minutes and filter through a 15cm. folded 
filter. Titrate 50c.c. of filtrate as a blank, against ^/g or ^^^ 
ISTaOH, using phenolphthalein as indicator. To another por- 
tion of 50c.c., add lOc.c. of 40% formaldehyde (previously .de- 
acidified with barium carbonate) and titrate in like manner. 

Ic.c. titration difference of ^/.^ alkali corresponds to about 
7.35 mgs. nitrogen on the average. 

II. Proceed as with soaks, using only about 50c.c. of the 
zinc sulphate solution. The nitrogen does not correspond as 
closely to the titration difl'erence on account of the presence of 
complex organic substances. The ammonia must be removed 
before titration. 

Ic.c. difference corresponds to about 9 mgs. nitrogen for 
titration differences up to 20c. c. and to about 12 mgs. for older 



38 Tankers' and Chemists' Handbook. 

liquors. It remains for the tanner to determine limits for 
practical control. . ' 

B. Bennett's Method. 

Titrate 25c.c. of the liquor withVioHCl, first using phenol- 
phthalein as indicator and then meth5d-orange. The titration 
difference corresponds roughh^ to .0053 grams of hide substance. 



LIME LIQUORS. 

Total Solids. 

Evaporate SOc.c. of the liquor in a platinum basin, or in a 
porcelain one if arsenic is present, with the addition of some 
pure ammonium carbonate solution to convert the caustic lime 
into carbonate. Dry the residue in an air oven at 135-140° C. 
until constant weight is obtained. Correct this weight by sub- 
tracting the weight, of carbonic acid necessary to combine with 
the caustic lime as found below. 

Organic Matter. 

Ash the total solids taking the precaution to treat the residue 
with ammonium carbonate as before. 

Caustic Soda. 

If this has been added to the liquor, or if vsodium sulphide 
is used, which latter is made caustic by the lime, determine by 
leaching the residue with ^a limited quantity of water, filtering 
and titrating the sodium carbonate found in the filtrate with 
"^/lo HCl. Subtract from the result, the amount of undecom- 
posed sodium sulphide determined as below. 

Caustic Lime. 

As there is usually an excess of lime present in the liquor, 
the amount of dissolved CaO can be found in the table giving 
the streng-th of lime solutions. 

Total Lime. 

Tlie insoluble mineral matter is dissolved in dilute hydro- 
chloric acid, ammonia and ammonium oxalate added. The pre- 
cipitate is filtered, Avashed well with hot water, decomposed with 
dilute HoSO^ and titrated with permanganate in the usual 
manner. 

Ic.c. ^/in KMnO, = .0028 grams CaO. 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 39 

Sulphides, 

To a portion of lOOc.c. of the original liquor, add about' 
lOc.c. of a 5% solution of cadmium chloride and then an excess 
of acetic acid. Filter, Avash, and add filter and contents to a 
beaker containing^ about SOOc.c. of water. Add an excess of 
dilute HCl and titrate with ^/-^„ iodine. 

HoS -f 21 = 2HI -I- S. 

Ic.c. Vio iodine == .00391 grams Na^S. 

Total Nitrogen. 

*Filter some of the liquor tlirough cotton and determine in 
the usual manner. 

Free Ammonia. 

Prepare a bell jar with a base plate and secure two dishes 
that will go inside and place one above tlie other, supporting the 
upper b}^ means of a triangle. In the lower one place 25c. c. of 
the liquor and in the upper 25c.c. oP ^/-^„ Ho.SO^. Let the 
whole stand a day or more. Determine t]ie amount of combined 
acid by titrating back. 

Ic.c. Vio H,SO, = .0017 grams Nil,. 

Gelatine. 

Determine the nitrogen in tiic zinc precipitate obtained in 
the analysis of the peptones below. 

Mtrogen X 5-5G = gelatine. 



Oils. 

The following determinations are general and usually ap- 
plicable to all oils: 

(1) Specific Grra\dty, (2) Point of Turbidity, (3) Congeal- 
ing Point, (4) Cold Test, (5) Saponification Value, (6) Iodine 
Value, (7) Acid Value, (8) Hehuer A^alue, (9) Titer of Fatty 
Acids, (10) Viscosity, (11) Maumene Test. 

(1) Specific Gravity. 

This is usually determined at 15i/2°C. with tlie Mohr-West- 
phal Balance. 



40 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

(2) Point of Turbidity. 

A small beaker is half filled witli the oil and cautiousl}^ 
cooled down with constant stirring, — a small thermometer is 
used for the stirring. The point at which a distinct cloudiness 
appears is noted as the point of turbidity. 

(3) Congealing Point. 

This cooling is continued until the oil finally becomes thick 
and viscous and loses its oily character. This is the congealing 
point. 

(4) Cold Test. 

The oil is placed in a mixture of ice and salt in a cylindrical 
bottle holding about lOOc.c, and filled one-third full with a ther- 
mometer inserted in the cork. After two hours the bottle is 
removed from freezing mixture and salt and ice quickly removed. . 
The oil is then stirred as rapidly as possible, and as soon as the 
oil warms up enough to flow down the side of the inverted bottle, 
the temperature is read off. 

(5) Saponification Value. 

Weigh oif about 2.5 grams of oil into a long-necked diges- 
tion flask, taking care that the oil does not touch the sides of 
the flask. ISText add 25c.c. of ^/g alcoholic KOH. At the same 
time put 25c.c. of the Vo alcoholic KOH in another similar flask, 
to be used as a blank. Fasten long condenser tubes into mouths 
of both flasks and place on steam bath. Agitate frequently ; 
5 or 10 minutes vigorous boiling being sufficient for com- 
plete saponification. Now titrate both with ^/o, HCl and 
phenolphthalein indicator. The difference between the two 
titrations represents the KOH absorbed by the oil. Thus : 

(c c. for blank) - (c-c for oil) X KOH factor ^^^^ _ g ^,^^ 
Weight of oil taken ^^ ^ 

(6) Iodine Value. 

Weigh off .15 to .20 grams of oil into a dry glass-stoppered 
bottle; dissolve in about lOc.c. of chloroform or carbontetra- 
chloride, add 25c.c. iodine bromide solution (described below) 
and after mixing allow to stand for one hour in dark. Run a 
blank at same time, and after both have stood one hour, add 
25c.c. KI solution and 200c.c. water and titrate against Vio^JPO' 



Tanners'* and Chemists' Handbook. 41 

using starch indicator. The difference between the two titra- 
tions represents the iodine absorbed by the oil. Multiply this 
difference by the iodine factor on the ^/lo hypo and then divide 
by the weight of oil taken and multiply by 100. Eesult i? 
Iodine Value. 

If carbontetrachloride is used, purify by either of the fol- 
lowing methods: 

Purification hy Hyposulphite of Soda — Commercial carbon- 
tetrachloride is shaken Avith a solution of "Hypo" at intervals 
of dfte-half hour for about two hours. Let settle and separate 
the two layers in a funnel. The CCI4 is then shaken with a 5% 
solution of ISTaOH every 15 miniites for one hour. Separated, 
again dried with chloride of calcium, fused, and distilled. 

Purification hy Iodine — The CCI4 is shaken with Hanus' 
Iodine solution the same length of time, then treated with a 
solution of 5% jSTaOH, separated, dried with CaCL and dis- 
tilled. 

As either of the above methods of purification yield an 
excellent product, the chemist can use the one which best suits 
his fancy without the fear of unreliable results. 

Iodine Bromide Solution. 

Dissolve 13.2 grams iodine in 1000c. c. glacial acetic acid 
(99%%), showing no reduction with KoCroO- and HoSO^ ; add 
enough bromide to double the halogen content, determined, by 
titration — 3c.c. of bromide is about the proper amount. The 
iodine may be dissolved with heat, or let stand two days, but the 
solution should be cold when bromine is added. 

(7) Acid Value. 

Take a convenient quantity of ether alcohol (% ether and 
% alcohol), add phenolphthalein and titrate with ^/^^ alcoholic 
KOH to a distinct pink. Weight in about 5 grams of oil and 
continue titration to same pink color. Then 

c.c. KOH X KOH factor 

^j . -,, J. — rr-r-j X 1000 = Acid Value. 

Weight ot oil taken. 

(8) Heliner Value. 

Saponify 5 grams of samj^le with 5c.c. of 50% KOH and 
5-lOc.c. alcohol, dry soap on oven, dissolve in hot water, separate 



42 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

out fatty acids with HCl, heat until fatty ac-ids form clear layer 
on top, filter, Avash with hot water until free from mineral acid, 
dry in oven, transfer to a weighed Erlennieyer flask, dry one 
hour in oven, cool and weigh. 

Weight of fatty acids 



weight of oil taken 



Hehner Value. 



(9) Titer of Fatty Acids. 

Secure sufficient quantity of fatty acids as described above, 
pour wliile warm into regular size titer test tube, and let the 
bulb of a thermometer suspend freely in center of oil. Stir 
constantly until mercury is constant for about one-half minute; 
then let stand and note rise in temperature. The highest point 
readied is termed the titer. 

(10) Viscosity. 

Use any standard viscosi meter and follow directions sent 
Avith same. 

Tlie Tafjiiahue Viscosimeter. 

To test viscosity at 70°r (21.1°C) : Screw on steel nipple 
"70," close stopcock,* also one between boiler (used for testing 
oil at 312°) and oil cup. Place 90c.c. of oil to he tested in oil 
cup and admit water in upper opening with a temperature 
slightly below 70° F. Stir oil well by blowing through upper 
side tube, suspend thermometer in oil and take viscosity at 
exactly 70° F by opening stopcock and finding time by stop- 
watch required to fill the clean 70c. c. graduate placed beneath. 

Sec. req. X 2 = Viscosity. 

(11) Maumene Test. 

In a tall lOOc.c. beaker, weigh out such a quantity of oil as 
when made up to 50 grams with mineral oil, will not give a 
rise in temperature above 60° C. Make up to 50 grams with 
mineral oil and place in a large beaker lined with hair. Add 
10c. c. concentrated HaSO^ of the same temperature as the oil 
mixture, taking one minute to add and always allowing pipette 
to drain same length of time. Stir constantly to the highest 
temperature. Eun a blank, using the same amount of mineral 
oil for tlie test. 



Taisj-nees" and Chemists' Handbook. 43 

Peduct from this the total rise. For specific teiujjerature 
run 50 grams H2O in the same way the oil was run. Divide rise 
in temj^erature by grams of oil by rise in temperature per gram 
of water and multiply by 100. 

Sod Oils. 

Following determinations: (1) Moisture^, (2) Ash, (3) 
Unoxidized Fatty Acids, (4) Degras Former, (5) Unsaponifi- 
able*(6) Impurities, (7) Free Fatty Acids. 

(1) Moisture. 

(a) Carbon Dioxide Method. The sod oil or moellon is 
placed in a tubulated weighed flask with some Avashed and dry 
sand and place in a Victor Meyer constant heater filled Avith 
Toluol boiling point 107° C. The upper end of the pipette is 
connected, with a carbonic acid cylinder or apparatus and the 
stream turned on so as to pass through one AA^ash bottle contain- 
ing concentrated sulphuric acid and then through a wash bottle 
containing glass wool. The carbonic acid gas is regulated so as 
to pass through the bottles about two bubbles per minute. Heat 
is now applied to the drying apparatus and the oil and sand 
mixture allowed to remain under these conditions about three 
hours when the glass AA^eighing bottle pipette is placed in the 
desiccator to cool, then Aveighed. The AA^eight Avill be found to 
be constant in about this time. 

(b) Fahrion's Method (applicable to low water content oils 
and where aj^proximate accuracy only is desired). Weigh ofl' 
3-5 grams in platinum crucible and heat gently until first trace 
of smoke occurs. Cool and weigh. 

(2) Ash. 

Ignite 2 grams in a platinum crucible after driAdng oft' 
water. Burn to AAdiiteness. Ee-AA^eigh. 

(3) Unoxidized Fatty Acids. 

A quantity of the sod oil which has been tlioroughly mixed 
is placed in a small beaker together Avith a small stirring rod. 
Weigh out about 8 grams of the oil into a 200c.c. saponification 
flask, using the rod to guide the oil so as not to touch the sides 



44 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

of the flask. Pour into the flask lOc.c. of 50% KOH and about 
40c.c. of 95% alcohol. Attach a reflux to the flask and heat 
on the water bath, with constant agitation for about one-half 
an hour, letting a portion of the alcohol escape near the end 
of the operation so as to facilitate the deposition of the degras 
later. Cool the flask and contents and transfer the soap solu- 
tion to a large separatory funnel. Add an excess of hydrochloric 
acid to the diluted soap solution, to liberate the fatty acids. 
Cool, shake with about 75c. e. of petrolic ether. Extract as much 
of the fat as possible and then let the whole stand for some time. 
Draw off the aqueous portion and transfer to another funnel. 
Wash the ether layer slightly to remove any soap, adding the 
wash water to the second funnel. Filter the fat solution into a 
tared flask. Add about 25c.c. of etlier to the degras which is 
now left adhering in a clot near the apex of the first funnel, 
shake violently and finally macerate the degras with a stirring 
rod to insure removing any enclosed fat. Extract the solution in 
the second flask with this same ether, letting the whole stand 
for some time. Add the ether layer to the portion in the tared 
flask. Evaporate the ether on a water bath as completely as 
possible and then drive out the remainder by means of an air 
blast. Place in the steam oven for about an hour, cool and 
weigh. Subtract from the per cent, obtained, the per cent, of 
unsaponifiable as it is included in the above weight. 

(4) Degras Former (Oxidized Fatty Acids). 

If the operation has been properly carried out the degras will 
be found in the funnels. If for any reason the solution is still 
resinous, evaporate it on the water bath and when nearly dry, 
filter off the residual degras. Dissolve the portions in the fun- 
nels in a small amount of alcohol, in which the degras is com- 
pletely, though rather slowly soluble. Filter the extractions 
through the filter used above, if there is any additional resin, 
into an evaporating dish, bearing in mind that the material 
has a high coloring power, so as to avoid washing the dirty 
residue on the filter paper unnecessarily. Evaporate tlie alcohol, 
dry for several hours and weigh. 

(5) Unsaponifiable Matter. 

Saponify 6 grams oil for 1 hour in digestion flask with 
15c. c. 50% KOH and 15e.c. alcohol, transfer to an evaporating 



Tanneks"" and Chemists' Handbook. 45 

dish, dry, add an excess of quartz sand (pur. in HCl), bake in 
oven over night. Transfer to a Soxlilet, with cotton plugs. Ex- 
tract with ether for three hours. Transfer extract to a sepa- 
ratory funnel, wash three times with pure water to remove ad- 
hering soap, evaporate and dry for two hours. Weigh. 

(6) Impurities. 

Dissolve about 10 grams of the dried oil in petrolic ether 
and transfer to a tared filter. Wash thoroughly, using a few 
CO. of sulphuric ether at the end. Ke-weigh. 

(7) Free Fatty Acids. 

Drive off the ether, dissolve in neutralized ether-alcohol 
(3-1) and titrate as usual. 

Oils. 

Determination of the Alcohols and Foreign Unsaponifiahle 
Matter in Sperm Oil. 

Saponify about five grams of the oil under examination 
under pressure with alcoholic potash for one-half hour on a 
steam bath. Transfer to an evaporating dish, drive off most 
of the alcohol, add sodium bicarbonate to neutralize excess of 
alkali, and dry thoroughly by mixing with quartz sand. When 
apparently dry, pulverize in a mortar, return to the dish and 
drive out the last trace of moisture. Transfer to a Soxhlet 
extractor and extract 8-10 hours with petrolic ether. Wash 
the extraction, evaporate off the ether and weigh. Pure sperm 
oil should run about 37-40%. If any greater quantity is found, 
adulteration of the oil with petroleum products may be sus- 
pected. In this case acetylate the mass and notice if any oily 
layer appears on the surface. If so, it is a hydrocarbon oil. 

Determination of Foreign Animal Oils.* 

Sperm oil is a Avax, hence the amount of glycerine will be 
in direct proportion to the amounts of foreign oil, i. e., fish oils. 
Saponify 25 grams of the oil, pour into a 700c.c. casserole, 
evaporate the alcohol, dissolve the soap in hot water, add dilute 
H2SO4 slightly in excess, and filter off the oil layer. The watery 
filtrate contains the glycerine if any is present. Evaporate the 
filtrate to small volume, add an excess of pure barium carbonate 



46 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

and evaporate tlie filtrate. Extract the residue with alcohol- 
ether, drive oft' solvent and weigh the crude glycerine. 

Determine its purit}' by the acetin method and multiply 
the weight of pure glycerine by 10, which divided by the 
original weight of the sample gives the per cent, of adulteration. 
Care should be taken not to confuse any soluble waxy matter 
for glycerine. Purify the apjaarent glycerine as the wax im- 
purities will acetylate and give too high results. *See Ulobelohde. 

Examination of TJnsaponifiable Matter in Oil. 

(a) The unsaponifiable is liquid at room temperature. 
This jDoints to the presence of mineral (hydrocarbon) oils. Look 
for fluorescence as a proof of the fact. If quantity permits, de- 
termine the gravity. 

(b) The unsaponifiable is viscous at room temj)erature. 
Probably cholesterol or other alipathic alcohols (sperm oil, see 
later). To obtain an approximation of the quantity either: 

1. Find how much is soluble in five times its weight of 
80% alcohol. Cholesterol is soluble, while hydrocarbon oils are 
not. 

'3. Acetylate with V^/o times its weight of acetic anhydride 
for two hours under a return condenser. Throw the mass into 
water, when cholesterolacetate will separate as crystals. Filter 
these, wash them free from acid and determine their saponifica- 
tion number and therefrom the Aveight of cholesterol in the 
original unsaponifiable. 

KOH : C^eHi^O : : Wt. KOH : Wt. cholesterol. 

(c) The mass is solid. 

Points to ceresin and paraffin and myricyl alcohol from bees- 
wax. These can be separated due to myricyl alcohol being car- 
bonized by strong sulphuric acid. (See elsewhere.) 

TuEKET Red Oils.* 

(1) Total Fatty Matter. 

About 4 grams of the sample are Aveighed accurately in a 
half circular porcelain basin of about 125c.c. capacity, previously 
*Benedikt from Lewkowitsch. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 47 

tared together witli a glass rod. The oil is mixed with 30e.c. of 
water added gradually; should the liquid be turbid a drop of 
phenolplithalein is added and ammonia run in until it is slightly 
alkaline, when a clear solution will be obtained, except possibly 
for a few flocks; 15c. c. of half and half sulphuric acid are run 
in with stirring, and an accurately weighed quantity, say 6-8 
grams of stearic acid are added. The mixture is thou heated 
until a clear fatty layer has separated on top. This is allowed 
to solidify by cooling; the cake is then lifted out by means of a 
gias^rod, rinsed and placed meanwhile on a filter paper. The 
contents of the dish are warmed on the water bath so that the 
particles adhering to the sides and floating in the water collect 
in one drop. The liquid is then poured off, the basin rinsed 
off' and the cake of fatty matter placed in it. Now the basin 
is heated over a small flame until the water is driven off and 
white fumes are evolved. The fat is then allowed to cool and 
weighed. 

(2) 'Neutral Fat. 

About 30 grams of the sample are divssolved in oOc.c. of 
water, 20c.c. of ammonia, and 30c. c. of glycerine are added and 
the mixture exhausted with ether twice, using lOOc.c. each time. 
Wash extraction with water^ evaj)orate, dry and weigh. 

(3) Soluble Fatty Acids (Sul pltouated Fatty Acid). 

o-lo grams of tlie oil under examination are dissolved in a 
strong walled flask, in 25c. c. of water, 25c. c. of fuming hydro- 
chloric acid are added and the contents of the closed flask heated 
in an oil bath to the temperature of 130-150°C for one hour. 
Water is added next, the mixrture transferred to a beaker and 
the fatty acid la}^^ filtered off, most conveniently after some 
stearic acid has been melted with it. The s^ilphuric acid in the 
filtrate is then determined by precipitation with barium chloride 
solution. Prom the amount thus found of sulphuric acid, the 
amount of sulphuric acid present as ammonium and sodium 
suljahate is subtracted, and the diff'erence is calculated to 
ricinoleic acid 80 parts of SO3 corresponding to 370 parts of 
ricinoleic sulphuric acid. 

(4) Svl'pJiuric Acid. 

Dissolve a weighed quantity of the fat in ether, shake out 



48 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

the sulphates with a concentrated brine solution and determine 
in the usual manner. 



SALT. 

(1) Moisture, (2) Insoluble in Water, (3) Iron, (4) 
Sulphates. 

(1) Moisture. 

Dry five grams in a platinum or porcelain basin at 100- 
110°C. for several hours. The amount of moisture held will be 
in direct proportion to the magnesium sulphate content. 

(2) Insoluble in Water. 

Dissolve 50 grams of the sample in 250c.c. of warm water 
and filter through a tared paper. Dry at 100° C. and re-weigh. 

(3) Iron (and Alumina). 

The residue is dissolved in dilute acid and the iron precipi- 
tated (with AI2O3) as usual. (Lime and magnesia may be de- 
termined in filtrate.) 

(4) Sulphates (as H^SOJ. 

Dissolve 10 grams of salt in 300-400c.c. of water, add some 
dilute hydrochloric acid and heat for some time. Filter after 
making to volume and determine in an aliquot portion as usual. 



SOAP. 

Following determinations: (1) Moisture, (2) Fatty Acid 
Anhydride, (3) Alkali Combined as Soap, (4) Sodium Car- 
bonate and Hydroxide, (5) Unsaponified, (6) Kesin, (7) Borax. 
(8) Silicon Dioxide, (9) Sodium Sulphate, (10) Sodium 
Chloride. 

(1) Moisture. 

Weigh off about 5 grams in a wide mouthed stoppered 
weighing vial, previously tared, containing one-fourth inch of 
purified sand. Add sufficient 95% alcohol to cover soap, place 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 49 

in steam oven and finally dry to constant weight in a toluene 
bath (107°C.). Loss is moisture. 

(2) Fatty Acid Anhydride. Method 1. 

Dissolve 5 gram sample in hot water, add iOc.c. ^/o HCl, and 
heat until clear layer is formed. Then throw on a filter, wash 
with hot water until acid free, reserving filtrate. Transfer 
funnel to a beaker and place in the drying oven. When 'filtered 
through, wash fat remaining in funnel, paper and beaker, into a 
weighed Erlenmeyer flask, using, petroleum ether. Evaporate 
ofl' etlier, dry three hours, cool and weigh. Subtract the weight 
of unsaponified fat found, multiply by .968 and the result is the 
weight of fatty acid anhydride in the original sample. 

Method (3). 

Instead of filtering off the fat, add 6-10 grams of stearic 
acid previously , weighed between filters. Melt the stearic acid 
with the fat, let the cake cool, remove by means of a spatula, dry 
between the filters and finally let the whole stand for some 
time in a desiccator. Re-weigh. 

(3) Alkali Combined as Soap (and soluble fatty acids). 

Subtract the per cent of sodium hydroxide and carbonate 
as oxide from the "total alkali" determined as below. 

Take filtrate from fatty acids (see above) and titrate against 
^/g NaOH, using methjd-orange indicator; when end-point is 
reached, add phenolphthalein and continue titration to a second 
end-point. The first result indicates the excess of acid, which 
subtracted from the acid originally taken and multiplied by the 
'NsioO factor ( .01549 for ^/^ acid) gives total alkali in original 
sample of soap. 

The difference between the second end-point and that ob- 
tained with methyl-orange represents the soluble fat. Ic.c. ^/j 
JSTaOH = .072 grams Soluble Fatty Acid Anhydride. 

Modified Dietrich Method for Alkali in 8oap. 

(4) Determination of Sodium Carbonate and Hydroxide. 
Dissolve 2 grams of soap in oOc.c. of hot water, cool to room 

temperature, add an excess of saturated salt solution, filter, col- 
lecting filtrate in a flask, and Avash well with salt solution. 



50 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Titrate filtrate against ^/^q HCl using phenolphthalein as indi- 
cator. Let CO. == T. This indicates that all hydroxide and 
one-half carbonate are neutralized. Titrate at 0°C. 

KaOH + HCl = NaCl + H,0 — NaXO, + HCl = 
NaCl + IsTaHCOa. 

To the colorless solution add method-orange and solutiou 
titrated until the other half of carbonate is neutralized, c.c. = t. 

2tc.c. corresponds to jSTajCOg present. 

Ic.c. HCl Vio = .005286 grams Jfa.COg. 

T-t corresponds to NaOH present. 

Ic.c. HCl Vio = -0040 grams NaOH. 

(5) Unsaponified. 

Grind dried moisture sample, and extract with petrolic 
ether. Or extract an aqueous solution of the -soap in a sepa- 
ratory funnel, breaking any emulsion that may form with alcohoi 
or glycerine. Transfer extract to separatory funnel and wash- 
three times with pure water to reinove soap. Transfer to a 
tared flask, wash out funnel with ether, evaporate, dry and weigh. 
Cain is unsaponified matter. 

(6) Resin. 

2-3 grams of the fatty acids are dissolved in 10 times their 
volume of absolute alcohol in a flask, 10 grams granular zinc 
chloride added, and dry HCl gas passed through in a moderate 
stream. The flask is set in a vessel with water to keep it cool. 
The acid is rapidly absorbed and after about 45 minutes the 
esters separate out, floating on the top, and no more HCl is 
absorbed. The current of gas is stopped and the flask is allowed 
to stand for half an hour to complete the reaction. The liquid 
is diluted with about five times its volume of water and boiled 
until the acid solution is clear, the esters with resin in solution 
floating on top. To this is added petroleum ether and the whole 
transferred to a separatory funnel, the flask being washed with 
ether. The acid solution is then run off, and the ether solution 
(which ought to measure about 50c. c.) washed once with HoO 
and then treated in the funnel with a solution of .5 grams 
KOH and 5c.c. alcohol in 50c.c. HoO and agitated. The resin 
is completely saponified and the two layers separate completely. 
The solution of resin 'soap can then be rim off, treated with 
acid, the resin collected in any manner desired, dried and 



Tajstners" and Chemists' Handbook. 51 

weighed. A second washing of the soap with ether is hardly 
necessary, as little remains after the first extraction. 

(7) Borax. 

Weigh off another sample of abont 7-8 grams and burn in 
platinum shell nntil the whole mass is well charred. Wash out 
the soluble salts and then continue the combustion until a white 
ash remains. Extract Avith water and filter and add to first 
solution. The combined solution is now^ made up to 250c.c. A 
small, quantity of solution is evaporated down with a little 
alcohol and H0SO4 and finally ignited. A green tinge to the 
edge of the flame indicates borax. If foimd, take 50c.c. and 
titrate with HCl, using methyl-orange indicator. Multiply each 
c.c. ^/o HCl used by .09523 (borax factor). Evaporate another 
oOc.c. nearly to dryness and transfer to a CO^ apparatus, using 
as little water as possible.. Determine COg. Multiply weight 
of CO2 found by 8.68 and subtract from result found by titra- 
tion. If silicates are present, multiply SiO, by 6.335 (borax 
factor) and deduct this also and the remainder is borax. 

(8) Silicon Dioxide. 

Draw off 50c.c. of the ash solution, acidify with HCl, and 
evaporate to dryness. Eepeat this two more times, drying in 
the oven at 105-110° C. Kow treat with hot water, filter, wash, 
ignite, cool and weigh as SiOg. 

(9) Sodium Sulphate. 

Add BaClj to the filtrate from the SiOo, heat, allow to 
settle, filter, wash, ignite, cool and weigh as BaS04. 
1 part BaSO^ = .609 parts Na^SO^. 

(10) Sodium Chloride. 

To another 50c.c. of the ash solution add HlSTOg in slight 
excess, heat, and after standing, filter off the SiO,. Now add 
AgNOg, let precipitate settle, and filter. Determine as usual. 
1 part AgCl = .408 parts NaCl. 

Potash Soaps. 

Modify procedure as follows : 

Moisture. Weigh off about 3 grams in a light dish con- 
taining sand and add some alcohol and dry to constant weight. 



62 Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 

The moisture often runs as high as 50%, hence thorough drying 
is necessary. 

Patty Acid Anhydride. Use 5 grams of soap and 50c.c. of 
V2 HCl. Follow directions under soda soap. 

Total alkali : 

K2O factor = .02355 for Vaacid. 
Free Alkali, KOH, K.COs. 

Follow Dietrich's Method. 

Ic.c. Vio HCl = .0056 grams KOH. 
Ic.c. Vio HCl = .00691 gramsKoCOg. 

Alkali Combined as Soap. 

Subtract the per cent, of potassium hydroxide expressed as 
KgO (multiply by -ll^^ ) and the potassium carbonate as K^O 
(multiply by -gf^ )from the total alkali as KgO. Other direc- 
tions similar to soda soaps. 

Mixed Soaps. 
Determination of ratio of alkalies. 
(a) Potash. 

Take 3-4 grams of sample, ash carefully, add a little HCl to 
the crucible and evaporate to dryness. Take up with distilled 
water and filter into a small platinum basin. Add 1 drop of 
HCl, and again evaporate. Ignite to just redness and weigh. 
This gives KCl -\- ISTaCl. Make the residue up to lOOc.c, take 
lOc.c. and evaporate in a platinum basin nearly to dryness, add 
one drop of HCl and 2c.c. of 10% solution of platinic chloride, 
evaporate to pasty dryness. Add 20 c.c. of 80% alcohol, and 
filter through a small paper. Transfer precipitate carefully to 
a filter and wash with 80% alcohol. Discard the filtrate, place 
a tared platinum basin beneath and dissolve the yellow precipi- 
tate in hot water. Evaporate, dry and weigh. 

Wt K, PtCle X .19411 = K,0. 
Wt. K2 PtCle X .30712 = 2kci. 

(b) Subtract weight of KCl X 10 from mixed chlorides 
and difference X .53076 = Na^O. 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 53 

SODIUM BISULPHITE. 

Following Determinations : 

(a) Specific Gravity at 60° P, (b) Baume°, (c) Total SO^, 
(d) Combined SO^ as NaHSOs, (e) Free SO2. 

(e) Titrate 50c.c. of a solution of 30 grams made to 1 liter 
with V2 N'aOH, using methyl-orange as indicator. Ic.c. V2 
NaOH = .016 grams free SOj. 

KaOH -f HoSOj = FaHSOg + H2O. (methyl-orange). 

'(d) After adding phenolphthalein to the above^ continue 
titration. The result gives SO2 combined as NaHSOg -\- SOj 
converted into ISTaHSOg during previoiis titration. Ic.c. ^/^ 
NaOH = .052 grams FaHSOg (phenolphthalein). (e) Sub- 
tracted from (d) gives ISTaHSOg. 

(c) Place 25c.c. ^/^q I in an Erlenmeyer flask, add acetic 
acid in excess, and titrate against a conveniently diluted solution 
of sample, using starch as indicator. Ic.c. ^/jo I = .003203 
grams SOg. 

ALKALI BICHEOMATES. 

(1) ICCr^O,, (2) CrOg. 

Dissolve 2.5 grams of sample in water, make up to 
SOOc.c, take SOc.c, add HCl in excess, also 25c.c. KI solution, 
and titrate against ^/lo hypo, using starch indicator. Calculate 
result as KoCrgO^ and also Cr^Os. 

(2) CrO,. 
Take 200c.c. of above solution and titrate against ^/^ NaOH 
using phenolphthalein indicator. Calculate this result into 
KgCraO^. Any excess over the first result with hypo indicates 
free CrOg. Any deficiency represents neutral chromate KgCrO^. 
Calculation of Analysis or Sodium Bichromate. 
a. To find total chromates as ISTaoCroO^, 2H2O 
c.c. hypo X its iodine factor = wt. iodine 
Ka.Cr^O,, 2H2O : 61 : : X : wt. I. 
2"98.3 X wt. I X 100 
76.1 X wt. taken == % ^^^^^^0" ^^^0- 
Ic.c. Vio Hypo. = .004973 grams Na2Cr207, 2H2O. 



54 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

b. To find % acid chromate NaXr^O^, 2H2O. 
■ c.c. V2 NaOH X factor = wt. NaOH. 

Na^CrgO,, 2H2O : SISTaOH : : X : wt. NaOH. 

298.3 X wt. KaOH X 100 

80.1 X wt. taken. = ^^ ^^^^ Na^Cr^O,, 2H,0. 

Ic.c. V2 NaOH = .074575 grams NagCr^O,, 2H,0.. 

c. To find % neutral chromate J^a^CrO^. 

If % of acid chromate is less than the total chroraates as 
NaaCrgO^, 2H2O, there is neutral chromate present. % total 
chromates minus % acid chromates = % neutral chromate as 
acid chromate. 

2Na2Cr04 : NasCr^ 0^, 2H,0 : : X ■ % difference. 

324.4 X % 

g^g"g = real % Na^CrO^. 

% acid chromate X 1-0875 = % neutral chromates. 



MIXED ALKALI. 

Warder's method for determination of alkali carbonates 
and hydroxide in presence of one another. 

Dissolve 11-12 grams of sample in water and make up to 
500c.c., filtering if there is cloudiness or sediment. Remove 
50c.c. by means of a pipette, transfer to an assay flask, dilute 
to 400e.c., cool to about 0°C and titrate against ^/^ HCl, using 
phenolphthalein as indicator, until colorless. Continue titration, 
using methyl-orange until a pink coloration appears. Use only 
gentle rotary shaking during titrations to avoid absorption of 
carbon dioxide from the air. Eepeat titration as above, except 
in the second part with methyl-orange indicator, add the bulk 
of acid at once, finally securing an accurate end-point by means 
of several extra drops, similar to a Fehling titration. Eepeat 
second titration, or better, duplicate the last in case of doubt 
or considerable disagreement. 

Calculaiion. 

If the amount of acid used for the titration with phenol- 
phthalein is represented by T, and that necessary for titration 
with methyl-orange by t, then 

2tc.c. corresponds to amount of carbonate ISTaoCOa- 



Tannkus' axd CiiE.ArisTs' Handbook. 55 

T-t corresponds to amount of hydroxide. 
for NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H^O. 

jSTa.COs + HCl = KaCl + NaHCOs with phenolphthalein 
NaHCdg + HCl = NaCl + H^O + CO,. 
.Mc.c. V2 HCl = .0265 (1/2 XV2 mol. wt.) grams :Na,C03. 
Ic.c. V2 HCl = .030 (1/2. mol. wt.) grams FaOH. 
c.c. HCl X factor X 10 X 100 _ 
wt. sample 

Winkler's metJiod for determination of alkali carbonates in 
the presence of hicarhonates. 

Dissolve 10-12 gms. in 500c.c. water, take 50c.c. and deter- 
mine total alkali by titration against ^/^ HCl with methyl-orange 
== T c.c. Treat 50c.c. of solution with an excess of ^/j carbonate 
free sodium hydroxide, T^, add BaClg, then phenolphthalein and 
solution is titrated until colorless (t) . The amount of acid corre- 
sponds to amount of alkali used in excess, and if this amount 
is deducted from the total amount added, the corresporlding 
amount of carbonate will then be obtained. 

50c.c. solution contains — 

(a) (Ti-t) X -0420 grams of RaHCOs- 

(b) (T-Ti + t) X -0265 grams of NasCOg. 
c.c. HCl X factor X 10 X 100 _ 

wt. sample 



SODIUM CARBONATE. 

This is sold as crystals and as dry salt, and can be deter- 
mined as follows : 

(1) Moisture, (2) Na^COg. 

(1) Dry about a gram to constant weight. 

(2) Na,C03. 

Dissolve 30 grams of tlie salt if ciystallized, or 15-20 of 
the dry salt in water and make to oOOc.c. Titrate an aliquot 
portion with normal acid using methyl-orange as indicator. 

Ic.c. Vi HCl =^ .1431 grams of NaoCOs, 10H,O. 
Ic.c. N/^ HCl = .053 grams 'Na^CO,,. 



■36 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SODIUM BICAEBONATE. 

Proceed as above using methyl-orange as indicator. Or 
heat to boiling and use phenolphthalein. 

Ic.c. Vi HCl = .08405 grams NaHCOg. 

CAUSTIC SODA. 
Proceed as under mixed alkali. 

HYPOSULPHITE OP SODA. 

(a) Ka^S.Os -f 5H,0; 

(b) Na^sbs + 7H,b; (c) mHSOg; 
(d) Na.oSO^ + lOH.O. 

Weigh out a 12 gram sample, dissolve in water and make 
up to lOOOc.c. 

Neutralize lOOc.c. of this with ^/^q HCl, using methyl- 
orange as indicator. This titration gives JSTajSOg + YHgO. 

Ic.c. Vio HCl = .0352 grams Na.SOg + TH^O. 

Titrate this neutral solution with "/^o iodine. After getting 
the end point, destroy blue color with one drop of ^/k, hypo and 
neutralize with ^/jg NaOH. Subtract two-thirds of the ISTaOH 
reading from the iodine reading. The difference multiplied by 
-.0248 gives Na^SoOg -f oHgO. One-third of the NaOH reading 
minus the HCl reading gives NaHSOa. Factor = .0104 grams. 

For sulphate, add 10 grams Eochelle salts to a solution of 
5 grams of sample. Let settle over night. Filter off sulphur 
and precipitate the sulphate, cold with BaClg/ Filter, wash with 
dilute HCl, ignite and weigh as BaSO^. 

1 gram BaSO^ = 1.38 grams NaoSO^lOH.O. 

The reactions of above method are as follows: 

Na,S03 4- HCl = KaHSOs + NaCl. 

NaHSOs + 21 + H,0 = NaHSO^ + 2HI. 

NaHSO^ + 2HI -f SNaOH = Na^SO, + 2NaI + H^O. 

2]SraoS203 + 21 = 2KaI + Na^S^Og. 

Hyposulphite of Soda. 

Titrate 25c.c. Vio 1^2Cr207 with a solution of sample. 
Acidify K2Cr207 with HCl, add KI solution, and proceed witli 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 5 7 

titration, running hypo solution into the bichromate and using 
starch NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. 

Calculations are the reverse of those given under Alkali 
Bichromate, q. v. 

SODIUM SULPHIDE. 

This occurs in commerce either as the crystallized N'aoS -\- 
9H2© containing about 30% of Na^S and the fused salt con- 
taining abou:t 60%. 

Following determinations : 

(1) Sodium sulphide Na.S and NaoS-DH.O, (3) NaXO,,, 
(3) Iron. 

(A) Iodine Method. 

(1) Na,S. 

Dissolve about 12 grains of the sample in water and filter 
the solution into a liter flask and make up to volume. Save' 
residue for iron. Take 50c.c. of the solution and transfer to a 
pint stoppered bottle. Dilute with water, acidify with acetic 
acid and titrate with ^/m iodine, using starch as indicator. 
H^S + 21 = HI -f S. 

Ic.c. Vio Iodine = .0039 grams Ka^S. 

(2) J^a^COg. 

Pipette 25c. c. of the above solution into a beaker, add a 
solution of BaClj (10%) in excess and filter without delay. 
Wash filter with hot water, using a small portion at a time' 
until a drop of the. filtrate sliows absence of sulphide by the lead 
acetate paper test. The washing is quickly ' effected and must 
be limited in order to avoid dissolving of the barium carbonate 
precipitate. Transfer the filter and contents back into the 
original beaker, add some water and titrate with ^/^o HCl, 
using methyl-orange as indicator. 

(3) Iron. 

Dissolve the insoluble sulphide obtained on the filter in 
(1) in dilute hydrochloric acid and oxidize with a little nitric 
acid. Precipitate with ammonia and determine as usual. 



58 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

(B) Arsenic Method. 

Preparation of ^/-k, sodium arsenite solution. 

The arsenious acid necessary can be obtained in wry ])urL' 
form. However, it is best to purify l)y resnblinuition and dry 
8-12 hours in a desiccator over calciuin chloride before using. 
Weigh out accurately 4.95 arams of the oxide and dissolve in a 
little sodium hydroxide solution by Avarming slightly. Transfer 
carefully to a liter ilask, add sufficient dilute H2SO4 to neu- 
tralize the excess of alkali, and add 2.0 grams of sodium bicar- 
bonate in SOOc.c. of water, or better, ])ass in carbonic acid gas 
instead of neutralization by the alkali. Make up to one liter. 

Determination : 

Take 5 grams of the sample, dissolve in water and filter 
into a 250c. c. flask. Make up to volume, pipette 25c. c. into a 
wide mouthed flask and add 50c.c. of the Vio J^agAsOg solu- 
tion. Make slightly acid with 1 :10 HCl and heat gently, but 
do not boil. Filter, wash the precipitate thoroughly and cool 
to room temperature. Add a saturated solntion of NaHCOo 
and titrate the excess of the reagent with ^/^o iodine. 

AS2O3 + 2H2O + 41 = 4HI + As,Og. 

Ic.c. Vio NaoAsO, = .00585 grams of NaoS. 

(C) Zinc Method (Proctor). 

Determination of Sulphur as Sulphide- — 14.35 grams of 

pure crystallized zinc sulphate (ZnSO^TAq) is dissolved in 
water, and ammonia is added till the precipitate which is at 
first formed is dissolved, and the whole is made up to a liter. 
The solntion is deeinormal, and each c.c. equals 1.6 mgr. sulphur, 
or 12.9 mgr. of the crystalline sulphide of sodium. If 12.9 
grams of the sample is made up to 1 liter, and lOOc.c. titrated, 
each c.c. of either ^/\q solution will correspond to 1 per cent, of 
crystallized salt. The standard solution is added with constant 
stirring to, say, 25c. c. of the sodium sulphide solution in a 
beaker, and after each addition a drop is taken from the beaker 
and placed on a piece of filter paper on a white plate, side by 
side with one of a solution of lead acetate, but not actually 
touching it, so that the two run together by capillarity. (A 
somewhat more delicate lead indicator may be made by dis- 
solving lead acetate in solution of sodium tartrate or tartaric 



TANjSrERS' AND ChEMISTS' HANDBOOK. 59 

acid made strongly alkaline with sodium lij^drate and filtering.) 
So long as any imprecipitated snlphide is present, a black or 
brown ring is formed where the two liquids come in contact. 
Care must be taken that the lead solution does not reach the 
unprecipitated zinc sulphide, which is always blackened by it. 
It is best first to make a rough determination, adding, say 2c.c. 
of standard solution at a time; and having in this way deter- 
mined the approximate quantity required, nearly the full amount 
may be added at once. A solution of sodium sulphide may be 
empTbyed for the determination of zinc. 

The same process may be employed for the determination 
of sulphur in other alkaline sulphides, but where polysulphides 
are present a yellow zinc sulphide is formed, probably a poly- 
sulphide, and the lead indicator gives an orange instead of a 
red ring. As a consequence the whole of the sulphur is not 
determined, but only that corresponding to the normal sulphide. 



STEAEINE. 

Following determinations: (1) Melting Point (Drop), 
(2) Titer. 

(1) Melting Point. 

Use the standard drop point apparatus described elsewhere. 
Or wanting that smear some of the melted substance on a 
thermometer bulb, insert in a flask and heat until the mass 
melts, on a water bath. 

(2) Titer. 

Saponify about 35 grams with a mixture of 30c. c. of alcoliol 
and 30c.c. of 50% caiistic potash, using a 500c. c. porcelain cas- 
serole. Stir constantly during the process, finally evaporate the 
excess of alcohol, dissolve the soap in water and add sufficient 
dilute sulphuric acid to liberate the fatty acids. Boil until they 
form a layer on top of the dish. Cool, remove the cake, wash 
several times by melting with hot water and finally filter through 
a wet filter. Filter the oil into a dish using heat if necessary. 
Proceed as under "Oils." 



60 Tajn^ners' and Chemists" Handbook. 

METHODS FOR SAMPLING TANNING MATERIALS. 
(A. L. C. A.) 

(1) Liquid Extract in Barrels. 

Samples to be taken at a temperature of 40 °F. minimum 
from 10% of the packages^ if shipment does not exceed 60 bar- 
rels, as near as possible, by means of a sampling tube which shall 
enter the bung and extend to at least the center of the barrel. 
These samples to be thoroughly mixed, using due precaution to 
prevent evaporation, and a composite sample of at least 4 oz., in 
duplicate, removed, sealed and labeled, with date of sampling, 
name of material, invoice number or other means of identifi- 
cation. 

(2) Liquid Extract in Bulk. 

. Extract shall be thoroughly plunged and sampled by passing 
a sample tube to the bottom, through at least five sectors of the 
contents, samples to be thoroughly mixed and composite samples 
drawn, sealed and labeled as in liquid extract in barrels. 

(3) Liquid Extract in Tank Cars. 

a. Where the tank car extract is unloaded without the use 
of direct steam, into an empty container, the method of sam- 
pling is to be the same as for liquid extract in bulk, the sample 
being taken from the container after the car is unloaded. 

b. Tank cars unloaded without the use of direct steam shall 
be sampled by taking at least five pint samples of the extract 
as it flows from the cars. One of these samples to be taken about 
three minutes after starting to unload, one to be taken about 
three minutes before unloading is completed, and the other three 
samples to be taken at equal intervals between the first and the 
last. The samples to be mixed and composite samples taken, 
sealed and labeled as usual. 

Or, in case direct steam is used in unloading a tank car, 
shipment may be sampled according to the methods of sampling 
the liquid extract in bulk, the samples being taken directly from 
the car. 

4. Solid Extracts. 

Solid extracts shall be sampled by taking a section from 
the center of the package to the surface after the removal of 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 61 

the cover. Samples as taken shall be immediatel}' placed in 
clean, dry closed receptacles, and when sampling is completed, 
broken, thoroughly mixed and duplicate samples of at least 6 oz. 
placed in clean, dry glass receptacles, sealed and properly labeled. 
Sampling at place of manufacture shall be conducted by running 
portion from middle of strike into a mold holding at least two 
pounds, and immediately after cooling, selecting samples for 
analysis by method given above. 

On lots of 300 bags or 100 barrels, at least 5 per cent, of 
the Jjags or barrels shall be selected for sampling. On lots of 
301 to 2,000 bags or 101 to 700 barrels, 1 per cent, shall be 
sampled. On lots of more than 2,001 bags or 701 barrels, 1 per 
cent, shall be sampled. 

Where a considerable period of time elapses between the 
sampling and analysis of sample, the latter should be weighed 
on day of sampling, and certified weight should appear on label. 

(5) Crude Tanning Materials. 

Shipments in bags, mats or barrels, of barks, nuts, beans, 
fruits, leaves (ground and unground), roots and ground wood, 
are to be sampled by opening each of the packages chosen for 
sampling and selecting an equal portion therefrom. These sam- 
ples to be mixed and composite samples of the required amount 
taken and labeled as usual. In lots of 20 tons or less, 5 per 
cent, of the packages shall be sampled. In lots of above 101 
tons, 1 per cent, of the packages shall be selected for sampling. 

(6) Crude Tanning Materials in Bulk. 

a. Barks, Nuts, Beans, Pods, Ground Materials, etc. 
Equal portions shall be selected from at least five parts of 

the lot, mixed, sealed and labeled in duplicate. 

b. Wood. 

Billets or logs shall be selected 'from at least five parts of 
the lot, and the sawdust obtained by sawing completely through 
each billet or log selected, thoroughly mixed, sealed and labeled 
in duplicate. 

(7) Sampling of Spent Tan and Spent Wood. 

Spent tan and wood samples should be taken from the top, 
middle and bottom of a spent leach, and placed in a covered 
pail, contents of pail to be stored in a covered barrel to be kept 



(>}i . Taxneus' an'd Chemists' Handbook. 

for the desired period. When laborator)^ sample is desired, thor- 
oughly mix contents of barrel and dry a portion over steam pipes 
in a location free from bark dnst. The dry samples should be 
at least 10 oz. 

(8) Ground Barks and Cut Woods. 

These samples should be taken at intervals as the ground 
material enters the leach. Composite samples should be made 
up from these samples and shall be submitted undried to the 
laboratory. . 

(9) Liquor Samples. 

Eoutine samples should be taken by plunging the liquor and 
removing a pint and storing in earthenware crocks, with lids. 
The samples should be of the same size and taken under exactly 
similat conditions, and should be stored at 40-70°F. For the 
laboratory sample plunge the crocks well and fill a pint bottle 
nearly full, seal and label. 

METHOD FOR TANNIN ANALYSIS. 

I. Crude Materials. 

(1) Moisture Determination. 

Upon receipt of the sample, grind promptly and dry 10 
grams in the manner and for the period specified for evapora- 
tion and drying in extract analysis. 

(2) Preparation of Sample for Extractions. 

Sample must be dried at a temperature not exceeding 60 
degrees C, and then ground to such a, degree of fineness that 
the entire sample will pass through a sieve of 30 meshes to the 
inch (linear). 

(3) Amount of Sample and Proportion of Water for Ex- 
traction. 

For fresh materials the amount of sample and proportion 
of water for extraction should be such as to give between .35-. 45 
gram tannin per 100 c.c. of solution. For spent materials this 
proportion should be approximated as closely as practicable. 

(4) Extraction of Sample. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 63 

Extraction shall be conducted in a form of apparatus that 
permits the removal of the extractive solution from the influence 
of sustained high temperature, and shall be continued till a por- 
tion tested with gelatine salt solution fails to give a precipitate. 
At least 400c. c. of the first portions of extractive solution should 
be removed and not subjected to further heating. A thin layer 
of cotton must be used in order to prevent fine material passing 
over. 

II. Spent Material. 

For the extraction of spent barks, a bank of extractors built 
as follows is serviceable : It consists of a rectangular box of 
heav)'' sheet copper of any desired size, fitted with cylindrical 
tubes 2 inches in diameter and tapering to a small opening. 
These are held in place (and) about an inch apart, by a frame 
near the top of the box. ' The ends protrude through small 
openings in the bottom of the tank far enough to allow a rubber 
pinchcock connection being placed beneath and the whole is 
supported high enough so as to allow liter bottles being placed 
underneath. Steam is run in through a valve on the side and 
any desired temperature can be maintained. 

The above can also be used for crude materials or use the 
standard extractor. In case of materials that pack in the tubes 
of the former, use perforated copper discs between masses. Sat- 
isfactory leaching can also be performed in a casserole with care. 

Analysis. 

After extraction and dilution, solutions must be heated to 
80 degrees C, and analysis conducted as below. In case of 
weaker dilutions than the official method specifies, the amount 
of hide powder must be reduced in proportion to the reduction 
of tannin. 

Ten grams of the air-dried sample should be dried as in ( 1 ) 
to determine moisture content of the portion extracted, and the 
analysis calculated and reported upon a "dry" basis. The tannin 
in fresh materials should also be reported on the basis of the 
moisture contents of tlie sample "as received.^' 



64 Tais'ners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 

TAN^NIN ANALYSIS. 
Preliminary. 

The hide powder method of analysis depends upon the fact 
that finely divided hide will remove tannin from solution and 
the amount of tannin is therefore the difference between the 
solids before and after removal of the tannin. 
Preparation of Hide Powder for Use. 

The afternoon before the detannization of the liquors is 
planned, a sufficient amount of hide powder is soaked in distilled 
water. 

Typical Chaege. 

Each determination requires 15 grams of hide powder 
and as an extra 15 grams is required for a moisture sample, 
11 X 15 grams, or 165 grams is needed for 10 determinations. 
As 25 times the weight of water is required for soaking 4.2 liters, 
or about one gallon is taken. For chroming, use as many c.c. of 
3% chrome alum solution as grams of hide powder taken. 

For liquor and extracts, the most finely pulverized powder 
must be used, but for spent bark a coarser grade gives good 
results. Stir contents of earthware Jar used as container, thor- 
oughly, and let stand over night. The chrome alum partially 
tans the powder, rendering gelatine insoluble. The next morn- 
ing wash, pressing through linen until washing gives no test for 
sulphur with barium chloride solution. In case of extracts, give 
the powder four additional washings to remove last trace of 
soluble matters. 

LiQUOES. 

Let liquors come to room temperature, take barkometer 
reading adding 1° for every 10° temperature above 60°F. 

Table foe Dilution. 

Bk. Dil. Bk. Dil. 

15—16 1—3 27—32 1— 9 

17—18 1—4 33—35 1—10 

19—20 1—5 36—37 1—11 

21—22 1—6 38—39 1—12 

23—24 1—7 40--42 1—13 

25—26 1—8 43—45 1—14 

Let diluted liquor stand over night. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 65 

a. SoluMe Solids. 

Take 75c.c. of liquor^ add 1 gram kaolin (which has been 
washed free from soluble materials), stir well and let settle 
15 minutes, pour off supernatant liquid. Add 135-150c.c. of 
the liquor and filter throiigh ISTo. 3 Swedish paper properly 
folded, of 15 cm. dia. Emi filtrate through paper several times 
in order to place kaolin on the filter. Eeject filtrate. Filter 
another portion of the liquor (125c.c.) through this kaolin filter 
until filtrate is clear, keeping filters carefully covered to avoid 
evaporation. Keceive clear liquid in a clean 8 ounce bottle, trans- 
fer lOOc.c. to tared aluminvmi dish by means of a pipette; place 
in combined oven for a time not less than 13, but not over IG 
hours. 

b. Non-Tannins. 

Transfer by means of a pipette 300c. c. of the liquor to a 
glass, add 45-48 grams of wet hide powder to each, cover and 
place in mechanical shaker for 10 minutes. Meanwhile deter- 
mine correction for dilution of liquor due to moisture in hide 
powder as follows : Weigh on rough balance of wet hide powder, 
% of 45-48 grams in aluminum dish, weigh to centigrams on 
accurate balance, dry and reweigh. Eun.hide powder through 
linen placed on a large funnel, catching filtrate in an 8-oz. 
bottle, pressing out remaining water by hand. Add 1 gram 
kaolin to filtrate and run tlirough filter until clear. Transfer 
and dry as above. 

Calculations (a) Ex. : — Wt. sol. solids = 1.1573 grams, 

non-tannins = .4934 grams. % Sol. solids by vol = 

1.1573 X 5 (dil. 1-5) X 100 

^^^^ -^ = 5.79% 

lOOc.c. 

% Non-Tannins. 

Loss in moisture =^ .156 grams. Factor = 1.156 per 1 gram, 

.4934 X 5 X 100 X 1-156 

. CI -^ ^ = 2.85% 

lOOc.c. ^ 

= 3.94% tannin. 



66 Tannees"" and Chemists' Handbook. 

Tannin. 

b. For Barhs. 

Express on weight basis. 

lOOc.c. of solids corresponds to 1/10 of 50 grains = 5 

grams. Soluble solids = for instance .2572 grams. 

.2572 X 100 

^ =5.15%, etc. 



Total Acidity. 

Place 50c.c. of liquor in 8-oz. bottle, add 5 grams wet hide 
powder (2i/2 grams dr}^), let stand, add another portion of 5 
grams, and let stand 2 hours. Filter by suction, make up to 
500C.C. and titrate 200c.c. against V2 N"aOH. Ic.c. NaOH 
= .020 grams ]!^aOH expressed as lactic acid. 

NaOH : CH3CHOH COOH :: .020 : X 
40 : 90 ::.020 : X 

X = .045 ,'. Ic.c. V2 NaOH = .045 grams lactic acid. 

Crude Tannin Materials. 

a. Sumac, Lentisco, Gambier. 

Place 50 grams in a flask with 500c.c. of water at 80° C, 
shake occasionallj^ during the afternoon and let stand over night 
in a warm place, preferably at 60-70 °C. 

Extracts. 
a. Solid. 

Weigh out requisite quantity and dissolve in water at 80° 
and proceed as below: 

Table Showing Amount per Liter for Analysis. 

1. Chestnut oak 15 grams 

2. Quebracho solid . . . , 6-7 grams 

3. Liq. Quebracho 121/2 grams 

4. Gambier 12% grams 

5. Sumac 18 grams 

6. Oak 15 grams 

b. Liquid Extracts. 

Allow to come to room temperature and weigh in stoppered 
weighing vial. Such quantity should be taken so as to give 35-45 



Tannees' and Chemists" Handbook. (j7 

grams of tannin per lOOc.c. solution. Dissolve in exactly Q.OOc.c. 
distilled water, and let stand, not more than 20 nor less than 
12 hoiirs. Temperature must not go below 20° C. Make up to 
lOOOc.c. 

Eun in duplicate. 

a. Total Solids. 

Mix solution thoroughly, pipette lOOc.c. into a tared glass 
dish 134-in. diameter, place in combined evaporator and drier 
for«ot less than 12 hoiirs nor over 16 hours. The aperture at 
top should be closed at the end of the evaporation — that is, after 
about 6 hours. 

b. Soluble Solids. 

To 1 gram of kaolin in an 8-oz. bottle add 75 c.c. solution; 
stir and pour on a 590 S. & S. 15 cm. plaited filter paper, 
return filtrate to paper for one hour, keeping filter full. At end 
of one hour pour solution from filter, wash paper free from any 
dislocated kaolin for 15 minutes with original solution, collect 
and evaporate and dry the first lOOc.c. of filtrate. Filter should 
always be kept full, and funnels covered with watch glasses 
during filtration. 

c. Non-Tannins. 

Add to exactly 200c.c. of original solution in a glass 45-48 
grams of wet hide powder, place in mechanical shaker for 10 
minutes; squeeze immediately through linen. Add 2 grams of 
kaolin to filtrate, stir and filter through folded filter (JSTo. IF 
Swedish 12.5 cm.), returning filtrate until clear. Evaporate 
lOOc.c. of filtrate. Calculate as under liquors. 

Al^ALYSIS OF SULPHITED EXTEACTS (LEPETIT). 

Estimation of Combined and TJncombined Sulphur Dioxide. 

A round bottom flask of about 250c.c, capacity is fitted with 
a three-holed rubber stopper containing a tube leading to a 
COo generator, a dropping funnel, and a delivery tube con- 
nected with a three-bulbed absorption tube containing a strong 
solution (5 grams in 50c.c.) of sodium bicarbonate. 

In the case of extracts containing about 25% of bisulphite, 
10 grains of the substance are taken and weighed into the 



68 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

flask with water sufficient to make 125e.c. Pass in carbon 
dioxide, meanwhile heating the flask. Then add about 12c.c. of 
dilute h5^drochloric acid. After heating for about a half an 
hour, the flame is removed and gas passed in 10 minutes longer. 

Titrate the contents of the absorption tube with ^/^o iodine. 

SO2 + 21 = 2HI + SO2 

.Mcc. Vio I = -0032 grams SO^ 

Determine the combined sulphurous acid in the residue 
after drying and treating with sodium hydroxide and potassium 
nitrate. Precipitate with barium chloride in the usual manner. 

SULPHITE-CELLULOSE EXTEACTS. 

These are on the market under various trade names. Some 
of these contain no true tannin but give a reaction with hide 
powder and an apparent per cent, of tannin (up to 25%). To 
detect in other extracts: 

To 5c.c. of the solution, add .5c.c. of aniline oil and shake 
well. Add 2c. c. of HCl. A precipitate appears in presence of 
cellulose bodies. 

TITANIUM. 

Analj^ses of potassium titanium oxalate. 

a. Determination of TiOg in presence of iron. 

Dissolve .2-. 3 grams of the salt in water, add a fcAv grams 
of tartaric acid, and pass in H2S. Make slightly alkaline with 
ammonia when the iron will be precipitated as sulphide. Filter 
off and weigh as oxide by addition of nitric acid to remove the 
sulphiir. Acidify filtrate with sulphuric acid, heat to boiling 
and filter off the sulphur. Boil the solution to expel the 
last trace of HjS. Destroy the excess of tartaric acid with 
permanganate. Pass in SO, gas until the MnOj precipitate is 
redissolved, add a slight excess of ammonia and 7-lOc.c. per 
lOOc.c. of glacial acetic acid. Heat to boiling and filter off the 
TiOs- Dry and ignite the filter and contents. Euse with three 
times its weight of sodium carbonate and dissolve the melt in 
cold water and filter off the insoluble sodium metatitanite. De- 
termine aluminum in filtrate as usual. Dry. the filter and fuse 
with a small amount of sodium carbonate. Decompose with 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 69 

several c.cs. of mocleratel}'' strong sulphuric acid in the cold. 
Dilute the solution of titanium sulphate thus formed to about 
SOOc.c. and add 1/10 of its A^olume of glacial acetic acid and 5 
grams of sodium acetate. Heat to boiling for one minute, let 
settle, filter off the precipitate, wash with 7% acetic acid, dry, 
ignite and weigh as TiOo. Eepeat this process if the presence 
of much aluminum is suspected in the sample, until a constant 
weight is obtained. Eeport per cent. TiO,. 

b. Determination of TiO, in absence of iron. 

In this case the procedure is much shorter. Ignite the 
oxalate in a platinum crucible to destro}^ the organic acid. Fuse 
with three times its weight of sodium carbonate and proceed 
as under the latter part of (a) . 

Ti(SOJ, + 4NaC,H30, + 3H,0 = 2Ra,S0, + 
4HaH302 4- TiO(OH)2. 



TIN. 

Analysis of Tin Cr3^stals (Stannous Chloride). 

a. Determination of SnCl,. 

Weigh out about 5 grams of the solid and dissolve in water 
containing some HCl. Filter into a 500c.c. flask and make up 
to volume with boiled out water. Take two portions of 50c.c., 
add several grams of EochcUe salts and sodium bicarbonate in 
excess. Add starch and titrate with Vio iodine. 

Ic.c. V:o iodine =^ .0059 grams tin = .01125 grams 
SnCL-SH.O. 

Better results can be obtained by adding the iodine in excess 
and titrating with ^/^q h5^po. 

b. Total Sn. 

Neutralize 50c. c. with ammonia and then redissolve the 
precipitate with dilute HCl. Add an excess of a saturated 
ammonium nitrate solution and heat to boiling for some time. 
Let stand, filter off, ignite and weigh as SnOa in porcelain. 

The difference between the metal in form of chloride and 
total SnOa as Sn will give an approximation of the amount of 
stannic chloride present. 



70 Tannees' and Chemists'" Handbook. 

rPtESH WATEE. 
General Mineral and Sanitary. 

(a) Total Solids. 

Evaporate lOOc.c. of sample to dryness on steam bath, 
and dry for 12 hours at 120-13 0°C. Calculate as total solids. 

(b) Organic Matter. 

Ignite the solids so as to completely burn off the organic 
matter and at as Ioav a temperature as possible. Add one to two 
drops of C. P. (]SrH4)2C03 solution to convert the oxides back 
to carbonates^ dry, ignite gently. Eeweigh. 

(c) Mineral Solids. 
Obtain by difference. 

(d) Temporary Hardness. 

For the determinations of hardness, prepare dilute standard 
solutions of H2SO4 and Na^COg ( .98 grams of H2SO4 per liter 
and 1.06 grams NajCOg per liter), Ic.c. of either of these solu- 
tions is equal to .001 grams CaCOg. 

Place 100c. e. of sample in small casserole, add a drop or two 
of methyl-orange and titrate directly with the standard HoSO^. 
Calculate titration as temporary hardness. 

(e) Permanent Hardness. 

Take another lOOc.c. of sample in a platinum dish and add 
to it an excess of ISTajCOo and NaOH solution (ordinarily 
40c.c.), and evaporate on steam bath, nearly or quite to dryness. 
ISTow extract with freshly boiled distilled water, filter, washing 
filter many times, add methyl-orange and titrate' with the stan- 
dard H2SO4. The difference between the ISTa^COg, added, and 
the II2SO4, used in titrating, is caused by permanent hardness 
and should be calculated as such. 

Mineral Analysis. 

Evaporate 500-lOOOc.c. of water in a clean porcelain cas- 
serole to a volume of about lOOc.c, when it is best transferred 
to a platinum dish. Evaporate to dryness after adding a few 
drops of HCl. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. '71 

1. Silica. 

Take up with, hydrochloric acid, filter, transferring insoluble 
SiOa completely to filter. Wash with cold water. Dry and ignite 
in a platinum crucible. 

2. AI2O3 + Fe^Og. 

Dilute filtrate from above to about 200c.c. and make alkaline 
with ammonia. Heat to boiling and filter off insoluble hydrates. 
Weigh as oxide. 

3. Calcium Oxide (CaO). 

Make the filtrate from the iron and alumina alkaline, if not 
already so, dilute to about a liter, and when hot add an excess 
of ammonia oxalate solution. Let stand over night, filter, wash 
and dissolve precipitate on the filter and in the beaker in dilute 
hot sulphuric acid and titrate against ^/^o KMnO^ at 60° C. 
Ic.c. Vio KMnO^ = .0028 grams CaO. 

4. Magnesium Oxide (MgO). 

Evaporate the filtrate from the lime to about 500c.c. (or 
better, to dryness, driving off the excess of ammonium salts at 
red heat), add I/3 of its volume of 10% ammonia, cool to about 
10 °C. and add sodium phosphate solution drop by drop with 
stirring. If the ammonium salts have been driven off, it will be 
necessary to add lOc.c. of ammonium chloride solution. Let 
stand. Filter, wash, ignite and weigh in the usual manner. 

5. Chlorides. 

Dissolve the residue from total solids in water, extracting 
the soluble salts. Titrate against silver nitrate solution using 
potassium chromate as indicator. In case of water containing 
little carbonates, use lOOc.c. of original sample. 

6. Sulphates. 

Determine in a portion obtained by evaporating 250-500c.c. 
to a convenient volume, in the usual manner. 

7. Alkalies. 

Eemove calcium and magnesium and barium salts from 
above with strong barium hydrate solution, filter, concentrate, 
add a little ammonium hydroxide and ammonium oxalate. 



V2 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Filter^ evaporate and rejDeat process if necessary. Weigh after 
converting an}^ carbonates to chlorides by HCl, as the mixed 
alkalies. Calculate as N'a20. 

Ammonia and ISTesslerization. 

(1) The Nessler Beagent. 

Take 35 grams .KI and 13 grams corrosive sublimate and 
about 800c. c. of water; heat these to boiling and stir until the 
salts dissolve. That having been accomplished, a cold saturated 
solution of corrosive sublimate in water is cautiously added until 
the red peroxide of mercury, which is produced as every drop 
falls into the liquid. Just begins to be permanent. The liquid 
must then be left to cool, and may with advantage stand for 
13 hours before being rendered alkaline. This is accomplished 
by adding 160 grams of solid caustic potash or 120 grams of 
caustic soda to the liquid which is afterwards diluted with Avater 
to 1 liter. In order to render the JSTessler reagent sensitive, it 
is finally mixed with a little more cold saturated solution of 
corrosive sublimate, and allowed to settle. Wlien properly pre- 
pared the ISTessler reagent has a slightly yellowish tint. 

(3) Dilute Standard Solution of Ammonia. 

It will be found convenient to keep two solutions, a stronger 
solution and a weaker solution. The stronger solution is made 
b}^ dissolving 3.15 grams of ammonium chloride in 1 liter of 
water. If the solution is prepared as directed, it will contain 
one milligram of ammonia in Ic.c. of solution. 

The Aveaker solution is prepared by diluting lOc.c. of the 
stronger solution with Avater, making it up to exactly 1 liter. 
This weaker solution therefore contains 1/100 of a milligram of 
ammonia in Ic.c. 

(3) The Solution of Potash and Permanganate of Potash. 

This is made by dissolving 300 grams of solid potash and 
8 grams of crystallized KMn04 in 1 liter H^O. The solution is 
boiled for some time, in order to get rid of all traces of ammonia 
and organic matter, and after about one-fourth of the liquid has 
boiled off, it may be made up to volume. Each water analysis 
requires 50c. c. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 73 

Ammonia. 
Operaiion. 

Pour SOOc.c. of sample into a liter distilling flask, attached 
to a Liebig condenser, and boil. Distill over 200c.c., collecting 
the first 50c. c. for nesslerizing. ISTesslerize same, add one-third, 
and calculate result as "free ammonia.^' 

Now add 50c.c. of the permanganate solution to contents of 
flask and continue the distillation. Collect three successive 
50c.c.'s and nesslerize each. Add results together and calculate 
as 'Albuminoid ammonia." 

Use 2c.c. of the nessler reagent for each test. 



N'lTEITES. 

(a) Plienylene Diamine MetJiod. 

To lOOc.c. of the water placed in a nessler jar, add Ic.c. of 
a 5% solution of plienylene diamine (diamido benzol) in dilute 
sulphuric acid. A 3^ellow color is developed, the color varying 
with amounts of nitrite present. Compare the color with a 
standard solution of sodium nitrite. 

Standard Sodium Nitrite. 

(1) Weigh .22 gram of silver nitrite into a flask, dissolve 
in hot water and precipitate with a pure salt solution. Filter 
and dilute to 1 liter, Ic.c. = .0001 gram nitrogen. 

(2) Use pure sodium nitrite, weighing out an excess and 
determine its value by titration with permanganate. Dilute to 
proper strength. 

(b). Alpha Naflithylamine Method. 

(1) Alpha naphthylamine hydrochloride. Boil 1/2 gram in 
100c. c. of water for 10 minutes, cool. 

(2) Sulphanilic Acid. 

Dissolve 1 gram in 100c. c. of water. 
Determination : 

Add Ic.c. of the mixed solutions to the water in a lOOc.c. 
nessler's jar. Dilute to the mark and compare with the color 
produced by the standard nitrite solution. 



74 Tak'ners'' and Chemists'' Handbook. 

Nitrates. 

Phenol SulpJionic Acid Method. 
Eeagents. 

Dissolve 3 grams of phenol mixed with Ic.c. of water, in 
18.5C.C. of sulphuric acid. 

Standard potassium nitrate. Dissolve .722 grams of the 
C. P. salt in 1 liter of water. 
. Ic.c. = .005 grams nitrogen. 

Determination : 

Evaporate 50c.c. of the watej in a porcelain dish with addi- 
tion of a drop of sodium carbonate solution. Add Ic.c. of the 
reagent, heat slightly. Add a few drops of water, 2c.c. of cone. 
H2SO4, and heat again. Make up to lOOc.c. in a nessler's jar. 
Meanwhile evaporate 5c.c. of the potassium nitrate solution and 
treat in the same manner. Compare the colors, diluting the 
standard until the tints match. 

Calculation : 

Calculate the chlorine as sodium chloride, any residual 
alkali being calculated as sulphate. Assign the remainder of 
the sulphur, if any, to the magnesium. If any remains, calculate 
to calcium sulphate. Otherwise the remaining magnesium and 
all or part of the calcium, as the case may be, is calculated and 
reported as carbonate. 

WAXES. 

Melting Point. 

a. Capillary Tube Method. 

Determination by the Capillary Tube Method: Nearly 
fill the beaker of the apparatus with clear water, place whole on 
steam bath and heat to slightly below the lowest expected melting 
point. By means of a wire, fill the end of a large capillary tube, 
(1 1/2-2 mg. dia.) to the distance of one centimeter with the 
substance to be examined. In case of difficulty in filling, tubes 
may be filled by melting the substance, but in this case must 
be prepared a day before use. Attach the tube to the thermo- 
meter of the apparatus by means of a rubber band, place whole 
inside of the test tube and gradually increase temperature of 
bath, stirring by the accompanying glass rod to maintain a con- 



Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. Vs 

stant temperature. Eecord the point at which the substance just 
starts to melt and that at which the whole end of tube just 
becomes transparent. The first is the "starting melting point/' 
and the second the "finish or actual melting point." 

Eeport in degrees, Fahrenheit, as well as centigrade. Bead- 
ing should be made with a hand lens. 

b. Ubbelohde's Drop Point Method. 

The apparatus consists of a thermometer upon which is 
fastened a brass, nickel or German silver tube, perforated with 
one small hole in the side for the escape of gases. On the bottom 
of the metallic tube, which is slit, is fitted with a small glass 
tube open at both ends, the lower end opening smaller than 
the upper, which fits into the metal cylinder and encases the 
thermometer bulb. When the apparatus is ready for use, the 
small glass cap is taken off, filled with the substance to be exam- 
ined, allowed to cool, and when still soft, is pressed into the 
metal cylinder up and around the thermometer bulb. In order 
to get the same amount of fat, or wax into the cap, each end is 
scraped off evenly before it is placed on the thermometer. When 
the wax, or fat is thoroughly -cool, the protruding wax, or fat 
at the lower end is scraped off even with the bottom of the cap. 
The thermometer, with the substance, is then placed in the per- 
forated and slit cock and fitted into a test tube. The whole 
apparatus is then placed in a beaker of water on an asbestos 
plate, heated with a burner so that the temperature rises about 
1° per minute. 

Mixed Waxes. 

1. Determination of Unsaponifiable Matter : Weigh 2-5 
grams, depending upon amount of wax matter, into a saponifi- 
cation flask, add 2-5c.c. 50% KOH + 10-20c.c. alcohol and boil 
one hour. Transfer to 3-in. porcelain evaporating dish, evapo- 
rate considerably on steam bath, add an excess of quartz sand 
and bake in oven until dry. Transfer contents to a Soxhlet ex- 
tractor, washing out the dish with petrolic ether and extract 
for 5 hours, into tared flask. Wash extracted matter with 
water in separatory funnel to remove soap, and evaporate and 
dry and weigh in tared flask. Take M. Pt. 

Wt. residue X 100 

. , , = % unsaponifiable. 

wt. taken 



V6 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

2. Saponifidble Matter. 

Take 5-10 grams of the sample, depending upon its nature, 
saponify with 5-lOc.e. 50 % KOH -|- 15-25c.c. alcohol, shaking 
often. Transfer to a separatory funnel, add water and extract 
oily matter with petrolic ether, rejecting it. Add an excess of 
HCl to decompose the soap, let it stand and dissolve fat in 
petrolic ether and follow directions below: 

1. If considerable quantity of fatty acids have been ob- 
tained — 

Make up to 200c.c. Avith ether and pipette two samples of 
lOc.e. each into bottles and evaporate in carbon dioxide and find 
iodine number, so as to identify oil. Evaporate remainder, mul- 
tiply by ten-ninths, divide by weight taken = % of fatty acids. 
Assuming the acid to be stearic, 10% of its weight added to itself 
will equal weight of fat. 

2. In case small amount is present, receive in small flask 
and evaporate in carbon dioxide, in hot water, cool and let stand 
over night in dessicator. Weigh off one portion for iodine num- 
ber, dry the remainder in an oven for. 1 hour and weigh; after 
making proper corrections, the % of fatty acids can be obtained, 
as well as the ether free weight taken for iodine number. 

3. Soap. 

Melt sample with Avater, remove unsaponifiable as solid 
cake or by ether, add HCl and extract fatty acids and proceed 
as above, stating result as sodium stearate. 

Detection of Ceresine and Paraffin in Beesivax. 

Method of A.v.d Haar. 

Fourteen grams of the wax are saponified with an excess of 
alcoholic potash, and alcohol expelled by boiling. The crude 
soap is dissolved in hot water and the solution cooled, where- 
upon all the unsaponifiable matter (m3^ricyl alcohol hydrocar- 
bons of the wax and tlie ceresine and paraffin) separate out in 
-a solid form and must be repeatedly boiled in water to receive 
any occluded soap they may contain. The mass, which is col- 
lected again when the water cools, is next boiled with glacial 
acetic acid for 2% hours under a reflux condenser, and is after- 
wards treated with sufficient acetic acid to prevent the reprecipi- 



Tanners'* and Ci-iemists' Handbook. 77 

tation of the myricyl acetate formed. When cold the hydro- 
carbons will be found floating on the surface of the acetic acid, 
from which they are removed and are heated at 110° to 
volatilise the acid. The next stage is to heat the mass on the 
water bath with 20c.c. of sulphuric acid for 21/4 hours to car- 
bonize any residual myricyl alcohol. After cooling, the paraffin 
is freed from adherent sulphuric acid by repeated melting with 
hot water and is then dried at 110° C. after filtering. 
Grregorius "Mineral Waxes." 



WOOL GEEASE. 

(1) Moisture, (2) Ash, (3) Melting Point, (4) Acid 
Kumber. 

1. Moisture. 

Weigh out 1-3 gramas of the sample in a platinum crucible. 
Drive off the water with a small flame until the gTease just 
begins to smoke. Ee weigh. 

2. Ash. 

Burn above to white ash. Should be very low. 

3. Melting Point. 

Take with Ubbeholde's drop point apparatus. The point will 
vary from about 100-120° depending on the quality. 

4. Acid Number. 

Dissolve 5 grams in 10-15c.c. of neutral chloroform and 
titrate with ^/^^ alcohol potash solution. 

c.c. X .0056 X 1000 



5 grams 



acid number. 



This determination will vary with tbe amount of soap fatty 
acids removed by purification. 



78 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



INTEENATIOKAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS, 1909. 

(Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society, 31,5.) 



Ato 



Atomic 



Aluminum. . . 


Symbol 

.. Al 


weight 

27.1 


Molybdenum. . 


Symbol 

. .Mo 


weight 

90.0 


Antimony. . . 
Argon 


. ..Sb 
...A 


120.2 
39.9 


Neodymium. . . 
Neon 


.Nd 

, .Ne 


144.3 
20.0 


Arsenic 


...As 


75.0 


Mckel 


, .Ni 


58.68 


Barium 


. . .Ba 


137.37 


Nitrogen , 


..N 


14.01 


Bismuth 


. .Bi 


208.0 


Osmium 


.Os 


190.9 


Boron 


..B 


11.0 


■ Oxygen 


.0 


16.00 


Bromine 


, ..Br 


79.92 


Palladium .... 


. .Pd 


106.7 


Cadmium . . . . 


, ..Cd 


112.40 


Phosphorus . . . 


. .P 


31.0 


Caesium 


..Cs 


132.81 


Platinum 


.Pt 


195.0 


Calcium 


...Ca 


40.09 


Potassium .... 


. .K 


39.10 


Carbon 

Cerium , 


...C 

. ..Ce 


12.00 
140.25 


Praseodymium . 
Eadium 


.Pr 
. .Ea 


140.6 
22G.4 


Chlorine 


, ..CI 


35.46 


Ehodium 


. .Rh 


102.9 


Chromium . . . 


..Cr 


52.1 


Pubidium 


.Rb 


•85.45 


Cobalt 


...Co 


58.97 


Euthenium. . . . 


.Eu 


101.7 


Columbium. . 


...Cb 


93.5 


Samarium .... 


. .Sa 


150.4 


Copper 


...Cu 


63.57 


Scandium 


.Sc 


44.1 


Dysprosium. . 
Erbium 


...Dy 
. ..Er 


163.5 

167.4 


Selenium 

Silicon 


. .Se 

..Si 


79.2 
28.3 


Europium . . . 
Fluorine 


. ..Eu 
,..F 


152.0 
19.0 


Silver 

Sodium 


•Ag 

, .Na 


107.88 
23.00 


Gadolinium. . 


...Gd 


157.3 


Strontium. . . . 


. .Sr 


87.62 


Gallium 


...Ga 


69.9 


Sulphtir 


. .S 


32.07 


Germanium. , 


. ..Ge 


72.5 


Tantalum 


.Ta 


181.0 


Glucinum. . . 


...Gl 


9.1 


Tellurium. . . . 


. .Te 


127.5 


Gold 


...Au 


197.2 


Terbium 


.Tb 


159.2 


Helium 


...He 


4.0 


Thallium 


..Tl 


204.0 


Hydrogen . . . , 


...H 


1.008 


Thorium 


..Th 


232.42 


Indium 


...In 


114.8 


Thulium 


, .Tm 


168.5 


Iodine 


...I 


126.92 


Tin 


.Sn 


119.0 


Iridium 


. ..Ir 


193.1 


Titanium 


.Ti 


48.1 


Iron 


...Fe 


55.85 


Tungsten 


..W 


184.0 


Krypton 


. . Kr 


81.8 


Uranium 


. .U 


238.5 


Lanthanum. . 


. . .La 


139.0 


Vanadium. . . . 


. .V 


51.2 


Lead 


, ..Pb 


207.10 


Xenon 


. .Xe 


128.0 


Lithium 


..Li 


7.00 


Ytterbium 






Ijutecium . . . . 


..Lu 


174.0 


( Neoytterbium) Yb 


172.0 


Magnesium. . 


■ • -Mg 


24.32 


Yttrium 


..Y 


89.0 


Manganese . . , 


, . . Mn 


54.93 


Zinc 


. .Zn 


65.37 


Mercury 


..Hg 


200.0 


Zirconium. ... 


. .Zr 


90.6 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



79 



TABLE FOE THE DETEEMINATION OF GLUCOSE IN 

Tanning Materials through the copper weighed after heating 
Fehling's solution with the Glucose for one-half an hour. (Koch 
and Eubsam. 



Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


mgr. 


nigr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


1 


1 

0.4 


37 


15.4 


73 


33.1 


109 


51.6 


145 


69.6 


2 


0.8 


38 


15.9 


74 


33.6 


110 


52.1 


146 


70.1 


3 


1.2 


39 


16.3 


75 


34.1 


111 


52.6 


147 


70.6 


4 


'l.6 


40 


16.7 


76 


34.6 


112 


53.1 


148 


71.1 


5 


2 


41 


17.2 


77 


35.1 


113 


53.6 


149 


71.5 


6 


2.5 


42 


17.6 


78 


35.7 


114 


54.1 


150 


72 


7 


2.9 


43 


18 


79 


36.2 


115 


54.6 


151 


72.5 


8 


3.3 


44 


18.4 


80 


36.7 


116 


55.1 


152 


73 


9 


3.7 


45 


18.9 


8i 


37.2 


117 


55.7 


153 


73.5 


10 


4.1 


46 


19.3 


82 


37.7 


118 


56.2 


154 


74 


11 


4.5 


47 


19.7 


83 


38.2 


119 


56.7 


155 


74.5 


12 


4.9 


48 


20.2 


84 


38.7 


120 


57.2 


156 


75 


13 


5.3 


49 


20.7 


85 


39.2 


121 


57.7 


157 


75.5 


14 


5.7 


50 


21.3 


86 


39.8 


122 


58.2 


158 


76 


15 


6.1 


51 


21.8 


87 


40.3 


123 


58.7 


159 


76.5 


16 


6.5 


52 


22.3 


88 


40.8 


124 


59.2 


160 


77 


' 17 


7 


53 


22.8 


89 


41.3 


125 


59.7 


161 


77.5 


18 


7.4 


54 


23.3 


90 


41.8 


126 


60.2 


162 


78 


19 


7.8 


55 


23.9 


91 


42.3 


127 


60.7 


163 


78.5 


20 


8.2 


56 


24.4 


92 


42.8 


128 


61.2 


164 


79 


21 


8.6 


57 


24.9 


93 


43.3 


129 


61.7 


165 


79.5 


22 


9 


58 


25.4 


94 


43.9 


130 


62.2 


166 


80 


23 


9.4 


59 


25.9 


95 


44.4 


131 


62.6 


167 


80.5 


24 


9.9 


60 


26.4 


96 


44.9 


132 


63.1 


168 


81 


25 


10.3 


61 


26.9 


97 


45.4 


133 


63.6 


169 


81.4 


26 


10.7 


62 


27.4 


98 


45.9 


134 


64.1 


170 


81.9 


27 


11.1 


63 


28 


99 


46.4 


135 


64.6 


171 


82.4 


28 


11.6 


64 


28.5 


100 


46.9 


136 


65.1 


172 


82.9 


29 


12 


65 


29 


101 


47.5 


137 


65.6 


173 


83.4 


30 


12.4 


66 


29.5 


102 


48 


138 1 


66.1 


174 


83.9 


31 


12.9 


67 


30 


103 


48.5 


139 I 


G6.6 


175 1 


84.4 


32 


13.3 


68 


30.5 


104 


49 


140 I 


67.1 


176 1 


84.9 


33 


13.7 


69 


31 


105 


49.5 


141 1 


67.6 


177 1 


85.4 


34 


14.1 


70 


31.6 


106 1 


50 


142 ! 


68.1 


178 I 


85.9 


35 


14.6 


71 


32.1 


107 I 


50.5 


143 I 


68.6 


179 I 


86.4 


36 


15 


72 


32.6 


108 I 


51 


144 I 


69.1 


180 I 


86.9 



80 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


mgr. 


•ngr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


181 


1 

87.4 


222 


108.1 


263 


129.5 


304 


1 

151.1 


345 


1 

173.3 


182 


87.9 


223 


108.7 


264 


130.1 


305 


151.7 


346 


173.9 


183 


88.4 


224 


109.2 


265 


130.6 


306 


152.2 


347 


174.5 


184 


88.9 


225 


109.7 


266 


131.1 


307 


152.8 


348 


175 


185 


89.4 


226 


110.2 


267 


131.6 


308 


153.3 


349 


175.6 


186 


89.9 


227 


110.7 


268 


132.2 


309 


153.9 


350 


176.2 


187 


90.4 


228 


111.2 


269 


132.7 


310 


154.4 


351 


176.8 


188 


90.9 


229 


111.8 


270 


133.2 


311 


155 


352 


177.3 


189 


91.3 


230 


112.3 


271 


133.7 


312 


155.5 


353 


177.9 


190 


91.8 


231 


112.8 


272 


134.2 


313 


156 


354 


178.5 


191 


93.3 


232 


113.3 


273 


134.7 


314 


156.5 


355 


179.1 


192 


92.8 


233 


113.8 


274 


135.3 


315 


157.1 


356 


179.6 


193 


93.3 


234 


114.4 


275 


135.8 


316 


157.6 


357 


180.2 


194 


93.8 


235 


114.9 


276 


136.3 


317 


158.1 


358 


180.8 


195 


94.3 


236 


115.4 


277 


136.8 


318 


158.7 


359 


181.4 


196 


94.8 


237 


115.9 


278 


137.4 


319 


159.2 


360 


181.9 


197 


95.3 


238 


116.4 


279 


137.9 


320 


159.8 


361 


182.5 


198 


95.8 


239 


117 


280 


138.4 


321 


160.3 


362 


183.1 


199 


96.3 


240 


117.5 


281 


139 


322 


160.9 


363 


183.7 


200 


96.8 


241 


118 


282 


139.5 


323 


161.4 


364 


184.2 


201 


97.3 


242 


118.5 


283 


140 


324 


162 


365 


184.8 


202 


97.8 


243 


119 


284 


140.5 


325 


162.5 


366 


185.4 


203 . 


98.3 


244 


119.5 


285 


141.1 


326 


163 


367 


186 


204 


98.8 


245 


120.1 


286 


141.6 


327 


163.6 


368 


186.5 


205 


99.3 


246 


120.6 


287 


142.1 


328 


164.1 


369 


187.1 


206 


99.8 


247 


121.1 


288 


142.6 


329 


164.7 


370 


187.7 


207 


100.3 


248 


121.6 


289 


143.2 


330 


165.2 


371 


188.3 


208 


100.8 


249 


122.1 


290 


143.7 


331 


165.8 


372 


188.8 


209 


101.4 


250 


122.7 


291 


144.2 


332 


166.3 


373 


189.4 


210 


•101.9 


251 


123.2 


292 


144.7 


333 


166.9 


374 


190 


211 


102.4 


252 


123.7 


293 


145.3 


334 


167.4 


375 


190.6 


212 


102.9 


253 


124.2 


294 


145.8 


335 


167.9 


376 


191.1 


213 


103.5 


254 


124.8 


295 


146.3 


336 


168.4 


377 


191.7 


214 


104 


255 


125.3 


296 


146.9 


337 


169 


378 


192.3 


215 


104.5 


256 


125.8 


297 


147.4 


338 


169.5 


379 


192.8 


216 


105 


257 


126.3 


298 


147.9 


339 


170.1 


380 


193.4 


217 


105.5 


258 


126.9 


299 


148.4 


340 


170.6 


381 


194 


218 


106 


259 


127.5 


300 


149.0 


341 


171.2 


382 


194.6 


219 


106.6 


260 


128 


301 


149.5 


342 


171.7 


383 


195.2 


220 


107.1 


261 


128.5 


302 


150.1 


343 


172.2 


384 


195.7 


221 


107.6 


262 


129 i 


303 


150.6 


344 


172.8 


385 


196.3 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



81 



Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


Cu 


Glucose 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


mgr. 


386 


196.9 


405 


207.9 


434 


319 


443 


231.2 


463 


344 


387 


197.5 


406 


208.5 


435 


319.6 


444 


231.8 


463 


344.7 


388 


198 


407 


209.1 


436 


330.3 


445 


332.5 


464 


345.3 


389 


198.6 


408 


209.7 


437 


220.8 


446 


233.2 


465 


346 


390 


199.3 


409 


210.3 


438 


331.4 


447 


233.9 


466 


346.7 


391 


199.8 


410 


210.8 


439 


331.9 


448 


234.5 


467 


247.4 


393 


200.3 


411 


211.4 


430 


333.5 


449 


235.3 


468 


248 


393 


3t)0.9 


412 


212 


431 


223.1 


450 


235.9 


.469 


348.7 


394 


201.5 


413 


212.6 


433 


223.7 


451 


236.6 


470 


349.4 


395 


202.1 


414 


313.3 


433 


224.4 


453 


237.2 


471 


350.1 


396 


202.7 


415 


313.8 


434 


225.1 


453 


237.9 


473 


350.8 


397 


203.3 


416 


314.4 


435 


235.8 


454 


238.6 


473 


351.4 


398 


203.8 


417 


314.9 


436 


226.4 


455 


239.3 


474 


252.1 


399 


204.4 


418 


315.5 


437 


337.1 


456 


239.9 


475 


252.8 


400 


205 


419 


316.1 


438 


327.8 


457 


240.6 


476 


353.5 


401 


205.6 


420 


316.7 


439 


228.5 


458 


241.3 






402 


206.2 


421 


317.3 


440 


239.1 


459 


243 






403 


206.8 


422 


317.9 


441 


229.8 


460 


343.6 






404 


207.3 


423 


318.4 


443 


230.5 


461 


343.3 







FACTOES FOE SUGAE ANALYSIS. 



Sucrose (cane) . . , 
Sucrose (cane) . . . 

Maltose 

Maltose 

Lactose (anhy.) . . 
Lactose (anhy.) . . 
Lactose (cryst.) . . 
Lactose (cryst.) . . 

Dextrose 

Dextrose 

Laevulose 

Laevulose 

Invert Sugar. . . . 
Invert Sugar. . . . 
Starch or Dextrin 
Starch or Dextrin 



Cu 


X 


.5137 


CuO 


X 


.4091 


Cu 


X 


.9146 


CuO 


X 


.7294 


Cu 


X 


.7216 


CuO 


X 


.5758 


Cu 


X 


.7596 


CuO 


X 


.6061 


Cu 


X 


.5232 


CuO 


X 


.4167 


Cu 


X 


.5585 


CuO 


X 


.4456 


Cu 


X 


.5397 


CuO 


X 


.4307 


Cu 


X 


.4699 


CuO 


X 


.3750 



82 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook, 



TABLE FOR EXAMINATION OF ALCO 

The following table is given by Andreasch* for alcoholi 
mixture allowed to stand over night. Wliere spaces are left bl 



Reagent. 



Water 

Hydrogen peroxide. 
Hydrochloric acid. . 

Sulphuric acid 

Nitric acid 



Acetic acid. 
Ammonia. . 



Chloroform. 



Ethyl-ether. 



Acetic ether. 
Benzol. . . . . . 



Petroleum ether. 



Carbon disulphide. 
Naphthol 



Glycerin 

Tartaric acid. 
Citric acid. . . 



Oxalic acid. . . . 
Trinitro-phenol 



Spruce Bark. 



Orange 
turbidity. 

As above. 



Red-brown 
solution. 

Rust-brown pp. 
and solution. 

Yellow-brown 

pp., dark 
brown solution. 

Yellowish- 
white pp. 
Brown pp., 
partly soluble 
in excess. 
Yellow-red 
flocculent pp., 
brown solution. 
Light brown 
pp. 
Turbidity. 
Reddish-brown 
sediment. 
Ether not 
colored. 
CS2 yellow 
Brown pp. and 
solution. 

Yellow 

flocculent pp. 

Whitish-yellow 

turbidity. 

As above. 

As above. 

Yellow pp. 

and solution. 



Oak Bark. 



Yellow-white 

pp., partly 

soluble. 

Yellow-white 

pp., partly 

soluble. 

Yellow-brown 

pp., brown 

solution. 

Yellow-white 

pp., brown 

solution. 

As above. 



Dark yellow 

pp., soluble 

in excess. 

Yellow-white 

pp., yellowish 

solution. 
Light yellow pp. 



Brown 
flocculent pp. 
Ether pale- 
yellow. 
CS2 yellow 
Brown pp. and 
solution. 



Slight whitish- 
yellow pp. 
As above. 

As above. 



* Gerber, 1894, p. 195. 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



8? 



HOLIC EXTKACTS OF LEATHEES. 

c solutions. The reagents were always added in excess, and the 
ank it is understood that no visible change takes place. 



Willow Bark. 



Greenish 
turbidity. 



A-ppfe 



e-green pp. 



Yellow-white 
pp., rose-red 

zone. 
Yellow-brown 
pp., cherry- 
red zone. 
Yellow pp. 
and solution. 



Turbidity. 

Whitish 
turbidity. 



CS2 green 
Yellow-brown 
pp., dark red- 
brown solution. 
Greenish-white 
flocculent pp. 
Yellow-green 
flocks. 
As above. 

As above. 



Mimosa Bark. 



Yellow-white 

pp., brown 

solution. 

As above. 



As above. 



Slight rust- 
brown pp., 
dark solution. 
As above. 



Violet-red pp., 

soluble in 

excess. 



Grey-violet pp. 



Reddish-black 
layer below. 



CS2pale yellow 

Brown pp. and 

solution. 



Yellow-brown 

PP- 
As above. 

As above. 



Hemlock Bark. 



Dark red- 
brown pp. 

Light brown 
pp. and soln. 

Dark brown pp. 
and solution. 

Dark rust- 
brown solution. 

Red-brown pp. 
and solution. 



Dark brown 

pp., insoluble 

in excess. 



Brown pp. 



Brown layer 

below. 

Ether faint red 



Red flocculent 

pp. 
Red-brown pp. 

As above. 

Voluminous 

red-brown pp. 

Yellow-brown 

pp. 



Oakwood. 



Light yellow 
turbidity. 

Yellowish-white 
flocculent pp. 

Pale buff 
flocculent pp. 

Brown pp. and 
solution. 

Yellow 
flocculent pp. 



Pp. soluble to 

red solution in 

excess. 

Dark brown 

deposit. 

Slight yellowish- 
white pp. 

Slight red- 
brown PP 



Yellow-browi'i 

pp., dark 

solution. 
SHght 

turbidity. 
Whitish-yellow 
flocculent pp. 

As above. 

As above. 



«4 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook, 

TABLE FOE EXAMINATION OF ALCO 



Reagent. 



Water. 



Hydrogen peroxide. 
Hydrochloric acid. . 



Sulphuric acid. 



Nitric acid. 



Acetic acid. 
Ammonia. . 



Chloroform. 



Ethyl-ether. 



Acetic ether. 
Benzol 



Petroleum ether. 



Carbon disulphide. 



Naphthol. 



Glycerin 

Tartaric acid. 



Citric acid. . 
Oxalic acid. 



Trinitro-phenol. 



Quebracho. 



Turbidity. 



Brown-yellow 

flocculent pp. 

As above. 



Dark red 
solution. 

Slight pp., 

red-brown 

solution. 



Dark red- 
brown pp. 



Solution pale 

yellow, above 

red-brown. 



Yellow-brown 
pp., dark 
solution. 



Yellow-brown 
floccu!ent pp., 
dark red soln. 

As above. 

As above. 



Valonia. 



Dirty yellow, 
turbid over 
dark zone. 
As above. 

Light brown 
turbidity, 
ppt, pale. 

Slight yellow 
solution. 

Slight pale pp.. 
dark solution. 

Yellowish 

turbidity. 

Yellowish pp., 

partly soluble, 

reddens. 

Yellow-grey 
flocks. 



Dirty white 
pp., turning 
dark brown. 



Dense yellow 
flocks at zone. 

Slight yellow- 
brown pp. 

Long standing 

yellowish pp. 

Yellow-grey pp. 



As above. 
Sulphur yellow 

pp. 

Brown-yellow 

pp., turns 

lemon. 



Tanners'' and Chemists'' Handbook. 85 

HOLIC EXTEACTS OP LEATHEES. 



Myrobalans. 


Divi-divi. 


Sumach. 


Knoppern. 


Birch Bark. 


Dirty ye.Uow 


Marked yellow- 


Dirty green pp. 


Yellow-white 


Yellow-brown 


turbidity. 


brown tur- 
bidity. 




pp. 


turbidity. 


Yellowish pp. 


Yellowish pp. 


Green pp. 


As above. 


Rusty brown 


Light brown 


Whitish-yellow 


Dark green pp. 


As above. 


pp. 

Yellow-brown 


turbidity. 


pp. 






pp. 


Slight yellow- 


Dirty reddish 


Light green pp.. 


Yellow-grey pp. 


Dense red- 


brown 


pp. 


green solution. 




brown pp., 


turbidity. 








dark solution. 


Dull red 


Dirty brown 


Dark green pp. 


Dark yellow 


-- ■ J- ■ , 


coloration. 


turbidity. 




pp. 


Red-brown pp. 
and solution. 


Dark yellow 


Light brown 


Dull dark 


Yellow-brown 




turbidity. 


turbidity. 


green pp. 


pp. 




Yellowish pp., 


Pale yellow pp.. 


Pale green pp.. 


Dense greyish- 


Dark flesh-red 


turns brown, 


partially soluble 


darkens. 


white pp.. 


pp., soluble in 


sol. in excess. 


in excess, turns 
brown. 




reddening. 


excess. 


Yellow flocks. 


Yellow-brown 


Slight green 


Dense yellow- 


Slight brown 




flocks. 


deposit. 


white pp. 
Grey-brown pp. 


pp. 

Trace flesh- 
colored pp. 


Pale yellow 


Rust-brown pp. 


Slight yellow 


Reddish-yellow 




flocks. 




pp. on long 
standing. 


flocks. 

Ether yellow- 
green. 




CS2 scarcely 


CS2 scarcely 


CS2 colored 


CSo colored 


. , 


colored, yellow 


colored, yellow 


green. 


yellow-green. 




flocks at zone. 


flocks at zone. 








Slight yellow- 


Slight yellow- 


Green-brown 


Slight greyish 


Yellow-brown 


brown pp. 


brown pp. 


pp. 


pp. on long 
standing. 


pp., dark red 
solution. 


Long standing 


Long standing 


Long standing 


Slight turbidity. 


Turbidity. 


yellow flocks. 


slight turbidity. 


dark green pp. 






Yellowish pp. 


Yellowish pp. 


Greenish, pp. 


Yellow-green 
pp. 


Light rust- 
brown pp. 


As above. 


As above. 


As above. 


As above. 


As above. 


As above. 


Yellow-brown 


As above. 


As above. 


As above. 


Yellow-brown 


.PP- 
Turbidity first 


Apple-green pp. 




•.. ■■ 


pp., turns 


reddish, then 








yellow. 


yellow. 









86 Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. 

TABLE FOR EXAMINATIOl^ OP ALCO 



Reagent. 


Spruce Bark. 


Oak Bark. 


Salicylic acid ■ 


Light brown 
ppt. 


Yellow white 




flocculent ppt. 


Tartar emetic 


Fawn colored 
ppt. 


Greenish 
yellow ppt. 




Yellow white 
ppt. 


Yellow 




white ppt. 


Potassium sulphocyanide 


Yellow-brown 

flocculent 

ppt., sol on 

heating. 


Yellow-brown 
flocculent ppt. 


Potassium cyanide 


Pale-brown 
turbidity. 


Pale-brown 




turbidity. 


Lime 


Yellow-brown 

ppt, glittering 

on surface. 


Ppt. yellow 




brown below, 
chocolate above, 
yellow solution. 


Baryta 


Dirty yellow 

ppt. yellow 

white solution. 


As above 


Strontia ^ 


As above 

Light brown 
ppt. 


As above 


Magnesia 


Dirty white, 




ppt. 


Potassium chromate 


Dull brown 
ppt. 


Yellow brown 




ppt. 


Mercuric chloride : .. . 


Light red 
brown ppt. 


Yellow white 
turbidity. 


Mercurous nitrate 


Dirty grey 
brown ppt. 


Pp. reddish 




yellow, turn- 
ing brown. 



Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. 
HOLIC EXTRACTS OF LEATHEES. 



8/ 



Willow Bark. 


Mimosa Bark. 

Slight brown 
ppt. 


Hemlock Bark. 


Oakwood. 


Greenish 
yellow ppt. 


Bulky red- 
brown ppt. 


Yellow white 
ppt. 


Greenish 
white ppt., 
deep green 
layer above. 


Violet red 
ppt. 


Dirty brown 
ppt. 


do. 


Green white 
ppt. 


Flesh red 
ppt. 


Red-brown 
ppt. 


Slight white 
ppt. 


Leaf green 
ppt. 


Chocolate 
ppt. 


Red-brown 

ppt., sol. 
on heating. 


Yellow white 

ppt., pale 

yellow solution. 


Leaf green 
ppt., yellow- 
ish solution. 




do. 


Ppt. brown 
below, yellow 
white above. 


Dirty sulphur 
yellow ppt. 


Violet blue 

ppt., 

brown above. 


Violet brown 

ppt, dull 

brown and 

glittering above. 


Ppt. white 

below, above 

blue, later 

brown. 


As above. 


Blue green 

ppt, 

brown above. 


As above. 


Blue ppt 
turning brown, 
glittering red 
brown above. 


As above. 

Violet red 

ppt. green 

sol'n. 


Dirty blue 
ppt. 

Grey ppt. 


As above. 

Blood red 
ppt. 


Ppt., white below 

blue above, 

turning brown. 

Yellow white 

flocculent ppt. 


Bright yellow 
ppt- 


Brown ppt. 


Brown ppt. 


Green brown 
ppt., turn- 
ing brown. 


Wliite ppt. 


Light 

reddish blue 
ppt. 

Dirty brown 
ppt. 


Blood red 
ppt. 


Yellow-white 
flocculent ppt. 


Dirty yellow 

ppt. on long 

standing. 


Red-brown 
ppt.. turning 
dull broAvn. 


Brick red 
pot., turning 
brown red or 
yellow grey. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

TABLE FOE EXAMINATION OF ALCO 



Reagent. 



Salicylic acid. 



Tartar emetic 

Potassium ferrocyanide. . 
Potassium sulphocyanide. 
Potassium cyanide 



Lime. 



Baryta. 



Strontia. 



Magnesia 

Potassium chromate. 

Mercuric chloride. .. 



Mercurous nitrate. 



Quebracho. 



Brownish 

yellow pp., 

dark red-brown 

liquid. 

Fawn-colored 
pp. 

Pale red-brown 
pp. 



Slight pp. 

amaranth-red 

solution. 



Violet-brown 

pp., dark brown 

above. 

Grey-white pp., 
glittering choc- 
olate-brown 
above. 

As above. 



Violet pp., 
dark solution. 

Dark, dull 
. brown pp. 



Dark 
turbidity 



Chocolate pp. 
on long 
standing. 



Valonia. 



Greyish- 
yellow pp. 



Pale grey- 
yellow pp. 

Pale 
yellow pp. 

Yellow-grey 
pp. 

As above. 



Pale 
chocolate pp. 



As above. 



Chocolate pp., 
turning black. 



Yellowish 
pp. 

Yellow-brown 
pp. 



Dirty yellow 

pp., partly 

soluble. 



Orange-yellow 
pp., turning 
dirty grey. 



Tannees' and Chemists'" Handbook. 
HOLIC EXTEACTS OF LEATHEES. 



89 



Myrobalans. 



Yellowish 
pp. 



Cream-colored 
pp. 

Cream-yellow 
pp. 

Yellow pp. 



As above. 



Bright yellow 

pp., colorless 

solution. 

As above. 



Dirty green 

pp., turning 

brown. 

Yellowish 
pp. 

Dirty brown 
pp. 



Yellow-brown 

pp., solution 

in excess. 



Orange-yellow 
pp., turning 
dirty yellow. 



Divi-divi. 



Yellow-brown 
pp. 



Ochre-yellow 
curdy pp. 

Orange pp. 



Dark yellow 
pp. 

As above. 



Cream- 
colored pp., 
which darkens 

As above. 



Pale red pp., 

dirty grey 

above. 

Grey-brown 
pp. 

Dark brown 
pp. 



Brown pp., 

mostly sol. in 

excess. 



Orange yellow 
pp., turning 
dirty yellow. 



Sumach. 



Green pp. 



Yellow-green 
curdy pp. 

Pale green pp. 



Green pp. 
As above. 



Green pp., 
turning yellow. 



Green pp., 

turning 

sulphur-yellow. 



As above. 



Dirty green 
mass. 

Dirty brown 
pp. 



Dirty green pp., 

part soluble in 

excess, turns 

yellow. 

Grass-green pp. 



Knoppern. 



Greyish-yellow 
pp. 



Dirty white 
curdy pp. 

Yellow-green 
pp. 

Orange-yellow 
pp. 

Curdy reddish- 
white pp., 
darkens on 
standing. 

Olive brown 
pp. 



Green pp., 
turning grey- 
brown over 
night. 

As above. 



Yellow-white 
pp. 

Dark red-vio!et 

pp., turning 

chocolate. 

Yellow-green 
pp. 



Orange pp., 
turning grey. 



Birch Bark. 



Pale rust-brown 
pp. 



Bulky pale 
rusty pp. 

Bulky pale 
rusty pp. 

Turbidity. 



Yellow-white 

pp., dull brown 

and glittering 

above. 

Flesh-red or 
scarlet pp. 



Grey-white pp. 
brown above. 



Greyish-white 

pp., vermilion 

aboA^e. 

Pale flesh-col. 
pp. 

Chestnut-brown 
pp. 

Reddish-yellow 
pp. 



Grey pp. 



'90 



Tanneus' A.ND Chemists' Handbook. 



Sa 
^ 



Cl, 



p .2 



p-i 



CL, 



90, 



o 






Ph 



c 



Ph- 



0% 

C/3 



(1^ 



<U O 



o > a i: 

(U >-> (L) £ 

p o'S.« 



as 



pq 



9 Oh 



o 






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C 



c^a 



PM 



pq 



O > £ 



be rt 

c« p 

P5 



i-" S o '-' ;s 



^- ^ ^- M "i 

5 



P^ 



PQ 



P 1- a- bo 
biOP-iC 






t^df 



o o 

0.5 

So 



-« -M- C y U 

>, p, O ?, dJ 

1-1 1-, 1-' ' — ' 

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PM ^ 



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Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



91 



OS 
•So 



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"* sis 



no:s 



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o .b 



1- o 



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92 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SOLUBILITIES OF BODIES IN GLYCERINE (CLEVER) 
100 pts. of Glycerine Dissolves at 151/2° C. 

Alum 40 

Ammonium Carbonate 20 

Ammonium Chloride 20 

Arsenious Acid 20 

Arsenic Acid 20 

Atropin .- 3 

Atropin Sulphate 33 

Barium Chloride 10 

Benzoic Acid 10 

Boric Acid 10 

Brucin 2.2 

Calcium Sulphide 5 

Cinchonin 0.5 

Cinchonin Sulphate 6.7 

Ferric Chloride j ^^J^ 

Ferrous Lactate 16 

Ferrous Tartrate 8 

Ferrous Sulphate 25 

Iodine 1.9 

Lead Acetate 20 

Mercuric Chloride 7.5 

Morphin .45 

Morphin Acetate and Chloride 20 

Oxalic Acid 15 

Phosphorus .20 

Potassium Arsenate 50 

Potassium Bromide 35 ! 

Potassium Chlorate 3.5 i 

Potassium Cyanide 32 | 

Potassium Iodide 40 ; 

Silver Mtrate '\ ^"^7 \ 

I sol. 

Strychnine Sulphate 22.5 

Sulphur ; . . . .10 

Tannic Acid 50 

Tartaric Acid 5.5 

Zinc Chloride 50 

Zinc Iodide 40 

Zinc Sulphate , 35 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 
FEEEZING MIXTURES. 



93 



5 NH4CI 

5 KNO3 ytTom + 10° to — 17°C. 
16 water 



-from + 10° to — 20= C. 



5 NH.Cl 
5KNO3 

8 KagSO^ cryst. 
16 water 

1 tH.NOs j, f j.Q^ , iQo ^0 _ 200c. 
1 water > ' 

1 NH4NO3 ) 

1 Na^COg cryst. Vfrom + 10° to — 25°C. 

1 water ) 

3KCNS lfrom + 10°to — 25°C. 

2 water j . ' 

3 wS ''"^'^' [ ^'°^ + ^^° *° ~ ^^°^- 



3 JSTajSO^ cryst. 
2 HNO3 dil. 
2 HXO3 + 1 H2O = 
HNO3 dil. 



'from + 10° to — 20° C. 



6 NagSO^ cryst. 
4NH4CI 
2 KNO3 
4 HNO, dil. 



■from + 10° to — 25° C. 



6 NagSO^ cryst. ) 

5 NH4NO3 Vfrom + 10° to — 28° C. 

5 HFO3 dil. ) 

5 ISTaaSO^ cryst. I « , ., qo ^ -. ooq 

4H2S04dil. j-iromi-iu to i» <^. 



94 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

FEEEZIFG MIXTUEES— Continued. 



>fromO°to — 30°C. 



-froniO°to — 35°C. 



1 H2SO4 + 1 H.,0 = 
H2SO4 dil. 

1 NaCl 

2 snow or chopped ice 

1 NH.Cl 

SNaCl !^fromO°to — 30°C. 

5 snow or chopped ice 

1 NH.Cl 

2WaCl 

IKNO3 

5 snow or chopped ice. 

5 KaCl ) 

5 NH4NO3 Urom 0° to — 40° C. 

13 snow or chopped ice. j 

5 CaCl^ cryst. [ ■ 

4 snow or chopped ice \ *^°^ ^ to — 50 C. 

3 CaCl^ cryst. ) _ 

3 snow or chopped ice p^o"^ ^ to — 35 b. 

1 H2SO4 diluted with 30% ) 

of its Aveiglit of ^^ater > from 0° to — 50° C. 
3 snow or chopped ice j 

1 snow or chopped ice | . „o 4- oiy-i/on 

1 HCl cone, sp'gr. 1.30 \ ^^°^ ^ ^° " ^^'/^"C. 

2 snow or chopped ice [l™'"»°*°-S''°C. 









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Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



90 



PEE CENT OF UNSAPONIFIABLE IN OILS, PATS 
AND WAXES.* 



Per Cent. 

Linseed Oil 42-1.1 

Hempseed Oil 1.08 

Poppyseed Oil .43 

Sunflower Oil .31 

Corn Oil 1.35-2.86 

Cottonseed Oil 73-1.64 

Sesame 95-1.32 

Rape 58-1.0 

Peanut 54- .94 

Olive..- 46-LOO 

Castor .33 

Menhaden Oil 1.6-2.2 

Sardine Oil 5.2-8.6 

*Lewkowitsch. 



Per Cent. 

Cod Liver Oil 54-7.83 

Seal Oil 38-1.4 

Whale Oil.... 92-3.72 

Neatsfoot 12- .65 

Egg 1-'^ 

Japan Wax 1.1-1.63 

Lard Oil .23 

Bone 5-1.8 

Sperm 37-41 

Carnauba Wax 55 

Wool Wax 43-51.3 

Beeswax 52-55.6 



100 



Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 





c' 
























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102 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



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1 



EIMER & AMEND 

205-211 Third Avenue, New York City 

Headquarters for Tanners' Laboratory Supplies 

Barkometers, Teas, Standard American Hide Powder, 
Cry^allizing Dishes, Hydrometers, Etc. 




THE LEADING ANALYTICAL BALANCE 
E and As Gold Plated, Capacity 200 Grammes, Sensibility l-20th Mgr. 

We carry by far the large^ ^ock in the United States of CHEMICAL APPARATUS 
C. P. CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS, FILTER PAPER, ETC., ETC., ETC. 

ENSURING PROMPT SHIPMENTS 



A. KLIPSTEIN & COMPANY 

122 PEARL STREET 
NEW YORK 



IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

TANNING MATERIALS 

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 



specialties: 

PATENTED ARGAM QUEBRACHO EXTRACT 
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CHEMICALS DYESTUFFS 



branches: 

CHICAGO ROSTON PHILADELPHIA 

PROVIDENCE TORONTO MONTREAL 

MEXICO FRANKFORT A-M 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbooe;. 



103 



CONSTANTS OF SOME AMEKICAN OILS. 

Vegetable. 





Specific 
Gravity 


Turbidity 


Saponification 
Value 


Acid 
Value 


Iodine 
Value 


Cottonseed Oil 


.922 


24 


192.2 




109.1 




.922 


24 


192.2 




109.1 


Castor Oil 


.961 
.922 


40 
none 


204.2 
176.0 


1.3 

18 


84.4 




85.2 




.925 


none 


175.0 


5.9 


84.2 




.961 


40 


204.2 


1.3 


84.4 


Olive Oil 


1 


26 


191.0 




85 


Linseed Oil 


.932 




187.6 
189.2 
191.4 




174.1 
182.2 
180.6 


' 


.932 




192.4 
191.4 




184.7 
176 



104 Takneks'' and Chemists'' Handtjook. 

CONSTANTS OF SOME AMERICAN OILS.* 
Cod Oils. 





Specific 
Gravity 


Acid 
Value 


Saponification 
Value 


Iodine 
Value 


Cod Oil, NeAcEoimdland 


.924 
.922 


26.5 
33.7 


187.5 

178.9 


160.4 
153.0 




.923 


34.5 


185.6 


160.3 




.926 


29.4 


182.0 


160.8 




.924 


22.5 


186.3 






.925 


3.8 


187.7 






.926 


23.3 


185.5 






.925 


24.9 


186.4 






.925 


24.9 


184.6 






.924 


22.3 


184.0 


166.6 


Pnr^ 0^^ White 




8.4 


184.2 




l_^OU. vyii, vv iii-tc 

Pnrl 'P^■\rp 


.925 
.923 


26.7 
32.6 


184.77 
177.3 


155.10 


V^OUj X Uic 


161 




.925 


.2 


184.5 


139 




.924 


19.7 


184.4 




r^r\r\ ~^ r\V\U(^Cf''\f\T\ 


.928 


31.2 


183.9 


131.1 


L/OClj x\ Ui w cgitiJ-L 

r^^rl A^rcialTPrl 


.9244 
.924 


4.48 
12.0 


182.8 
182.2 


171.4 


v^OCl, VV dblicu 


159.3 




.921 


1.7 


181.8 


154.8 


nnr\ Tr.n-i-rflil 


.9245 
.9231 


18.3 
21.1 


185.0 
185.3 


159 


UOCl JiillLlaii 


185.6 




.9229 


20.3 


186.5 


160.0 




.9245 


18.3 


185.0 


159 


r^^A T.-i-sTor ATprl 


.923 


9.7 
33.7 


182.4 
183.6 


160.8 


OOCl JUlvcl, iueu 








24.9 


182.8 


131.7 




.923 


20.8 


188.9 






.924 


17.3 


186.5 






.920 


1.7 


181.8 


154.8 




.921 


23.9 


181.9 


153.5 




.920 




186.5 


153.7 




.920 




182.2 


159.3 




.924 




182.8 


154.8 




.922 


29.1 


184.6 


161.8 




.923 


19.2 


185.9 


158.9 






28.6 


185.2 


158.9 



*FroiTi Author's Notebook. 



Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. 105 

CONSTA^TTS OP SOME AMERICAN OILS.* 





Specific 


Turbidity 


Saponification 


Acid 


Iodine 




Gravity 


°F 


Value 


Value 


Value 


Sperm 


.876 


-il 


137.0 


.2 


85.9 




.876 


34 


141.0 


.1 


87.7 




.873 


40 


130.5 


.1 


79.8 




.877 


51 


127.7 


.1 


87.5 




.878 


43.5 


131.4 


.3 


84.1 




.880 


42 


124.9 


.1 


85.8 


m 


.876 


38 


130.2 


.2 


91.0 




.861 


341/2 


130.5 




95.6 




.876 


48.2 


130.3 


none 


83.3 




.877 


38.5 


132.5 


none 


86.7 




.877 


41 


130.2 


.4 


81.9 




.877 


36.5 


133 


none 


82.5 




.880 


42 


128.3 




81.4 




.875 


48 


138 


.10 


83.3 




.876 


34 


141.1 


.10 


87.7 




.873 


40 


130.5 


.10 


79.8 




.880 


52 


134.0 


.25 


89.5 




.876 


44 


129.0 


.33 


78.7 


[NToatsf oot 


.915 
.906 


53.6 

27.5 


189.9 
183.9 


20.9 
2.9 






66.9 




.915 


25.3 


196.4 


2.3 


78.4 




.915 


49 


193.2 


2.7 


71.9 




.914 


68.64 


189.1 


20.6 


72.3 




.914 


52.7 


178.0 


16.9 


71.1 , 




.917 


50 


196.1 


54.1 


71.7 




.920 


58 ' 


196.1 


57.6 


71.7 




.920 


58 


196.1 


57.6 


75.0 




.9165 


56 


195.1 


52.4 


72.9 




.918 


53.6 


197.3 ■ 


16.4 


62.4 




.918 


60 


195.9 


4.1 


70.7 




.9186 


52 


195.6 


3.5 


69.6 




.913 


46 


194 


24.3 


65.2 


Mis'cls Fisli Oils 












Menhaden 


.928 




187.7 


18 


168.1 
81.9 


Herrina' 


.922 




182.2 


124.-3 


119.6 


Salmon 


.924 




183.2 




159.6 


^Vhale 


.916 


32 


192.2 


7.6 


102.9 







*From Author's Notebook. 



106 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



VISCOSITY OF OILS.* 
(a) En GLEE. 



Eape Oil (crude) . 
Eape Oil (refined) 

Olive Oil 

Castor Oil 

Linseed 

Tallow 



At 20°C. 




At 50°C. 



4.0 

4.9 
3.78 
16.48 
3.2 
5.19 



(b) Eedwood.* 
(Time of outflow 50c.c. water at 70°P. = 25.5 sec.) 


name 


At 70° F. 


At 120° F. 


Eape (refined) 


405 
137 
312 
212 


147 


Sperm Oil 

Olive Oil -■ ■ 


60.5 


Linseed Oil 









(c) Tagliabue.I 



NAME 



Sperm Oil 

Sea Elephant Oil 

Cod. Oil, pure 

Menhaden Oil, comm'l 

Poppy Oil 

Pale Seal Oil, white refined 

Whale Oil, natural winter 

Eape Seed, refined 

Peanut Oil, refined 

Olive Oil, comm'l 

Linseed Oil, aged 

Whale Oil, winter bleached 

Corn Oil . 

Corn Oil 

Sweet Almonds 

Cocoanut Oil 

Castor Oil 

Lagos Palm 

Eape Seed, blown 

*^bbehodde," p. 347. 

t From Records of the Authors, 




At 212° F. 



86 
136 
210 

276 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



107 



The following table is applicable to drinking waters (111. 
Bull. Kg. 6, of Water Survey) : 

Table Suggested Limits of Impurities. 
Parts per Million. 



Turbidity 

Color 

Odor 

Eesidue on 

evaporation .... 
Chlorine 

Oxygen consumed . . . 



bo 



^ 



Free ammonia. 
Albuminoid 
ammonia . 

]Sritrites 

Nitrates 



Alkalinity 

Bacteria per 

cubic centimeter 
Colon bacillus 



m one c.c. 



Lake 
Michigan 



None 
None 
None 

130 
5.5 
1.6 

.00 

.08 

.000 

.00 



500 
Absent 



Springs and 
ShallowWells 



10. 
25. 
None 

300. 
6. 

5. 

.05 

.15 

.000 

.5 

200. 
500 
Absent 



None 

None 
None 

500. 
15. 

2. 

.02 

.05 
.000 
2.00 

300. 
500 
Absent 



Deep Drift 
Wells 



None 
None 
None 

500. 
15. 

2.-5. 

.02-3 

.20 

.005 

.50' 

300. 
100 

Absent 



Deep Rock 
Wells 



None 
None 
None 

500. 
5.-100 
2.-5. 

.02-3 

.15 
.000 
.05 

300. 
100 
Absent 



108 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



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TABLE I. 

PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION OF TANNIN 
MATEEIALS. 



Class 1 (Catechol Tannins). 
Br. water produces a precipitate. 
Iron alum gives sreenish blacks. 



Copper sulphate f oUoAved by ammonia in excess : 

Precipitate redissolves Precipitate does not redissolve 

lA IB 

Table II Table III 



Class 2 (Mixed and Doubtful) 

Br. water jDrodiices a precipitate. 

Iron alum gives blue or purplish blacks. 

Table IV. 



Class 3 (Pyrogallol Tannins). 

Br. water produces no precipitate. 

Iron alum gives blue blacks. 

Table Y.- 



110 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 





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116 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



PRODUCTS OF ANIMALS (Villon), 



I. Cow (average) — 

Meat (dry) 70 lbs. 

Leather 70 lbs. 



Bone 110 lbs. 

Fat 90 lbs. 



II. Horse — 

'Leather 80 lbs. 

Hair, mane, tail, etc. . . 11 lbs. 



Meat (dried) 80 lbs. 

Bone 136 lbs. 



A fresh sldn weighing 100 lbs. contains on an average : 

Horns and skull o'l/^ lbs. 

Hair 6 1/2 lbs. 

Water and blood in hair 414= lbs. 

Flesh 61/2 lbs. 

Ears, muzzle, sinews, etc 6% lbs. 

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Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 123 

THE TANNIKG- MATEEIALS.* 

Chestnut Oak. 

This material is used to a large extent in the United States 
as a tanning material mostly in the form of the extract. It is 
native to the southern states and large quantities are utilized 
in the States of Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee and Ken- 
tucky. Both the wood and the bark are used. The yield of 
tannin is about 12%. 

The liquid extract is easily mixible with water and pro- 
duces a liquor which keeps well and deposits little "reds." The 
liquor ferments and turns acid quite easily. It is best adapted 
for heavy stock and in combination with other tanning materials. 
It produces an olive brown tannage when used alone. 

Gutch {Catechu). 

Cutch is the dried extract from the wood of "Acacia 
catechu" and allied species. It is very similar in nature to 
gambler. Cutch, however, produces a harder reddish colored 
leather like minosa. Cutch generally occurs in more or less 
brittle, splintery masses. 

Gamhier. 

Gambler occurs in light, porous brown cubes more or less 
adherent or in blocks measuring 2 feet x 1 foot x 9 inches, soft 
internally and wrapped in matting. Leather browner than- 
sumac and soft and fine. 

Kino. 

Kino generally occurs in irregular black fragments, but is 
also met with in round cakes. Thin slices are often transparent 
and of a reddish color ; the powder is red. Kino should be com- 
pletely soluble in hot water, forming a red liquid which gradu- 
ally becomes turbid. Kino is somewhat adulterated, the usual 
sophistications being dragon's blood, pitch catechu and ratanhia 
extract. The ash should not exceed 4%. 

Divi divi {Procter) . 

Divi divi is composed of the bean like pods of a small tree, 
20-30 feet in height, growing in Central and §outh America. 
^Tabular descriptions of the tanning materials describing name, 
locality, per cent, of tannin, etc., will be found elsewhere. 



124 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

The pods are about three inches long, brown or blackish in color 
and generally folded up or bent into the shape of a letter "S." 
The best pods are thick and fleshy, and of a comparatively pale 
color and when dried contain 40-50% of a pyragallol-tannin 
and would be a most valuable tannin material, but for the lia- 
bility of fermentation and sudden tlevelopment of a deep red 
coloring matter. The risk can be lessened by use of antiseptics. 
If used in strong liquors it gives a hea^ry^ firm leather, but is 
principally employed as a partial substitute for gambler on 
fancy leather.- Used in drum tannage for light leathers, an ex- 
cellent color may be obtained. It is said to give an especially 
firm and glossy flesh. Leather tanned with it, even when out- 
wardly of good color, has often a bluish violet shade within. 

HEMLOCK. 

Hemlock bark is used considerably in America for tanning, 
especially in regions where it grows in proximity. 

The bark yields 8-14% of tannin which is easily soluble 
and forms a mixture easily mixible with water. There is some 
deposit of reds from hemlock liquors. 

Hemlock tannage gives a reddish brown leather of good 
weight and is especially adapted to heavy stock. Lighter colors 
are sometimes obtained by mixing a small amount of other tan- 
ning materials. The liquor sours easily, but keeps in a satis- 
factory condition for some time. 

Hemlock extracts are now on the market containing about 
25% of tannin and 2-5% of reds. This material gives a very 
satisfactory tannage. 

MALLET. 

Mallet bark is found in western Australia. Its color varies 
from light to dark brown. A black product is sometimes ob- 
tained due to overheating during drjdng. The average analysis 
runs about as follows: 

Tannin 42.00% (varies from 35-52%) (Paessler). 
Fon-tannin 7.00% (varies 5-10%) 
Insoluble (or reds) 36.50%. 
Water 14.50. 

The best extraction of the bark takes place between 9 0-1 00° 0. 
The color of the extract is red. Leather tanned with mallet 



BZ 



American 
Dyewood Company 

Logwood Cry^als 

Hematines 

Fu^ic and Logwood Extradls 



We Handle Specialties in 

Aniline Colors 

Especially Adapted for Leather 



Ask for Our 

New Leather Shade Cards 



We Handle 

West Indies Chemical Works, Ltd. 
Hematine Cry^als and Extrads 

New York Philadelphia Bo^on 



b: 



The Use of 

Formaldehyde 

(40% Solution) 

in the bark tanning process 
prevents the contradion of 
the pores and keeps the pre- 
pared skin in condition to 
take up the tanning Uquor, 
thereby producing a firm, 
plump leather and fine 
solid grain. 



Write for Diredion and Prices 
to the Manufacturers 

The Heyden Chemical Works 

135 William Street 
New York 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 125 

bark extract has a slight orange shade and is of very good grain, 
smooth and soft. 



WEST AFEICAi^T MANGEOVE.* 

There are two varieties of West African mangrove barks, 
the common or the red, and the white. The red mangrove grows 
by the sea, and in submerged places. The heart wood is dark 
red or brownish red and the young wood is yellow with reddish 
brotfn streaks. "Sack" finds that the older plants contain more 
tannin than the 3'oung ones and that the average yield is 24i/o%. 

The bark of the white mangrove is also used for tanning 
and is useful in connection with divi divi. 



BAEBATIMAO BAEK.f 

Used in connection with divi divi, myrabolams and valonia, 
a good tannage was obtained which gave a little redder color 
than quebracho. Bark ran 28% tannin. The tannin easily 
penetrates the skin and gives the leather a good and compact con- 
sistency. 

*J. Am. Lea. Chem. 1907, 211. 

fj. Am. Lea. Chem. 1908, 30. 

MYEABOLAMS.* 

The tree is 40-50 ft. high and yields fruit, the value of 
which depends upon the maturity and the district from whence 
it comes. The nuts contain 30-40% of tannin. Of the various 
sorts, probably those known as Bombays are least unripe, while 
"lean greens" are the most so. The unripe fruit is the richest 
in tannin. "Bombays" have a smooth skin in coarse wrinkles 
and when cut are porous and light colored. "J's" (Jubbalpores) 
and "V" (Vingorlas) have finer and shallower wrinkles, and 
are harder, solider and consequently darker looking, but do not 
give a darker liquor, while "lean greens" are greener, have less 
yellow coloring matter and consequently more nearly approach 
in character to sumach, which the tannin in many respects re-, 
sembles. The nuts should be bright in color, not worm-eaten, 
nor "waxy^' or soft. If kept in a damp place, they rapidly absorb 
moisture and fall into the "waxy" condition, in which they are 



126 Tanneks'' and Chemists'' Handbook. 

very diflficiilt to grinds, sticking to and choking the cutters or 
beaters of the mill. 

Neither the large, hard stones nor their kernels contain 
tannin, but the latter have an oil which gives a peculiar odor 
to the leather. The bark is almost as rich as the fruit. The 
barkometer reading of myrobalams does not give a reliable indi- 
cation of the amount of tannin contained in the liquor. 

These are seldom used alone, but mixed with mangrove to 
mask the violet red color of the latter. 

The fruit shell (63%) contains most of the tannin and is 
readily extracted, yielding about 90% of its tannin at 90° C. The 
kernel contains little tannin and does not pay for the high cost 
of grinding. The tans of the myrabolams are quite easily soluble 
and 2-2% parts of water are enough to give a 6°B liquor with- 
out undue heating. Heating to 75° is sufficient. 

The addition of 5-10% of light colored myrabolams is suf- 
ficient to mask the color of 20-25% of mangrove. More than 
this is liable to render the leather brittle. 

*Am. Lea. Chem. 1908, 404. 

OAK. 

Several varieties of the oak are used in America for tanning 
purposes. The bark contains 9-12 of a catechol tannin asso- 
ciated with some reds. 

The liquor made therefrom is easily soluble in water and 
produces a light brown tannage of good weight. It is generally 
used alone and gives a firm, light brown tannage especially suit- 
able for heavy leather. It gives a fine bloom to the leather. 

PALMETTO. 

The habitat of the palmetto tree is in Florida and Georgia,- 
TJ. S. A., the extract furnishing the commercial material. 

The extract is generally concentrated to about 30°B., and 
has the following analysis, according to Bitner: Tannin, 18%; 
non-tannin, 20%; ''reds," 27%. 

A high percentage of ash, which is sometimes present, is 
due to the use of potash in the extraction and its subsequent 
neutralization with hydrochloric acid. 

Palmetto extract, being a thin liquid, is readily diluted 
with cold water, a red insoluble compound coming down, similar 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 127 

to that thrown out on dilution of quebracho. The reds in the 
case of pahnetto, however, settle quickly. They are only parti- 
ally redissolved in hot water. The liquor does not keep well. 
The liquor tans quickly, giving a firm, full, well-tanned leather. 
Palmetto alone gives rather too hard a leather which is spready 
and brittle on the flesh side. The color is reddish, with a slight 
pink tinge, with occasional disagreeable green spots. In com- 
bination with hemlock or lighter tan stuffs a satisfactory leather 
can be produced. Mostly used in combination with other tan 
stuJt's. 

QUEBEACHO. 

Quebracho wood occurs in Argentine. The tree is about 
45-60 feet high and about 4 feet in diameter. The density of 
the wood is about 1.4. It yields from 17-20% of a red, difficulty 
soluble tannin. There is catechin present and fustin, a coloring 
matter which is identical with that of "young fustic." The 
tannin easily yields "reds," which, if not separated, give the 
leather a disagreeable red color. Weak liquors can only be used 
as the tannin is difficulty soluble. Quebracho is imported in the 
form of the wood and the solid and liquid extracts. To over- 
come the difficulty experienced, due to the fact that some of the 
tannin is difficulty soluble and produces a turbid solution, i. e., 
precipitates the reds or insolubles, a "soluble quebracho extract" 
is on the market. It is obtained by heating the ordinary extract 
during the process of extraction, with sulphites or sulphites and 
aluminum sulphate. The small amount of sulphur or sulphuric 
acid left therein has no injurious effect on the leather. 

SUMACH (Proctor). 

(a) Sicilian. 
The sumac of commerce comes from the leaves and small 
twigs and is exported partly as "leaf" or "haling" sumach, but 
mostly as a finely ground powder. "Mascolino" is the best sumac 
from Palerimo and district ; "f eminella" is inferior material used 
^or mixing. 

Eelative market values are as follows: 

Sumach for bailing 2.5 

Sumach for grinding 2.3 

Sumach from yearling plants 1.5 

Sumach from ends of branches collected in autumn 1.0 



128 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 

It often contains much sand and sometimes particles of 
magnetic iron ore. 

The percentage of tannin in good sumac runs from 25-27% 
and over. 

Sumach is the best tanning material known for pale color 
and soft tannage, and is hence used for moroccos, roans, skivers, 
etc., and also for brightening leathers of darker tannages, such 
as mimosa, gambler, the coloring matters of which warm sumach 
liquors seem to dissolve. 

Sumac is frequently adulterated with lentisco and similar 
plant twigs. 

(b) Virginian Sumach. 

This variety contains 10-23% of tannin. The value de- 
pends upon the care in picking. To get the best results the 
leaves should be picked when full of sap before they have turned 
red or withered. The Virginian sumach generally contains less 
tannin than the Eiiropean material and gives a yellow color in 
tanning. 



VALONEA (Proctor). 

The best Sm}Tna valonea contains up to 40%, Greek 19-30, 
Candias up to 41%, and Caramanian 17-22% of tannins, which 
are probalDly mainly derivates of pyrogallol. The beard con- 
tains considerably more tannin than the cups, sometimes 
over 40%. 

In Greece the best valonea is collected before the cup is 
matured and while it still encloses the acorn and is known as 
"chamada.'^ The higher the color, the heavier the weight and 
the thicker the scales of the beard, the better the quality usually 
proves, but analysis is the best g-uide. Caramian valonea is very 
inferior. 

The tannin contained in valonea is especially suitable in 
the manufacture of sole leather. It deposits much bloom, and 
if used as a dusting material, has the characteristic of making 
the leather solid and compact, but leaves the grain somewhat 
rough and hard to work. In mixture with gambier and other 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. I'i9 

materials^ it is an excellent tannage for fancy leather and with 
proper management deposits little or no bloom. 

Valonea extract is very seldom met with and is difficult to 
make. An extract of the following composition is now pro- 
duced in Asia Minor: TanninS;, 68.0; non-tannins, 24.3; Ins., 
.2 ; water, 7.5. 

The extract is readily soluble in water at ordinary tem- 
perature and strong liquors can be made which do not produce 
mu^ reds. Gives the same colored leather as valonea itself. 

MEXICAN BAEK (Lysiloma Candida). 

Grows in Southern California. It resembles Mimosa in 
many ways. 

Mexican Mimosa 

Moisture 10.15 10.11 

Tannin 29.21 37.80 

Non-tannins 11.13 12.69 

Insolubles .11 2 

On skiver the liquor gives a light reddish color quite dif- 
ferent from the characteristic tint of Mimosa. Makes plump, 
light and porous leather. Used in Mexico for soles. The stock 
is well pluriiped, but not strong and of brownish red color. 



130 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



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Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



181 



i. 


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132 Tanners" and Chemists'' Handbook. 

SUMACH. 



Temperature ol 


Tanning Materials Ab- 


Soluble Non-Tonning 


Per cent Tannin on 


Ex.racion ° 


sorbed by Hide 1o 


Materials ^ 


Maximum Yield 


15 


14.3 


17.8 


70.0 


15-30 


17.6 


18.1 


86.7 


30-40 


18.5 


18.1 


91.1 


40-50 


20.1 


18.5 


99.0 


50-GO 


20.3 


19.1 


100.0 


60-70 


19.0 


19.4 


93.6 


70-80 


18.0 


19.9 


89.1 


80-90 


16.9 


21.1 


83.2 


90-100 


16.6 


22.3 


81.7 


Boiled. 


15.2 


24.0 


74.8 



QUEBRACHO WOOD. 



15 


7.6 


2.2 


35.0 


15-30 


10.1 


2.4 


46.5 . 


30-40 


11.8 


2.4 


• 54.4 


40-50 


15.1 


2.4 


69.5 


50-60 


16.5 


2.4 


76.0 


60-70 


17.4 


2.4 


80.0 


70-80 


19.1 


2.7 


88.0 


80-90 


21.7 


3.0 


100.0 


90-100- 


19.5 


3.0 


89.8 



MAKGROVE BAEK. 



15 


13.0 


10.4 


61.6 


15-30 


16.1 


10.4 


76.3 


30-40 


17.4 


12.5 


82.8 


40-50 


18.5 


11.4 


87.7 


50-60 


20.3 


10.3 


96.2 


• 60-70 


20.0 


11.4 


94.7 


70-80 


20.4 


11.2 


96.7 


80-90 


21.1 


10.8 


100.0 


90-100 


20.2 


11.4 


95.7 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook, 



133 



CEUDE GAMBIEE. 

Effect of Different Temperatures. 



Temperature of 


Tanning Materials Ab- 


Soluble Non-Tanning 


Per cent Tannin on 


Extraction ° 


sorbed by Hide ^ 


Materials <f> 


Maximum Yield 


15 


46.8 


21.8 


78.0 


15-30 


48.8 


31.0 


81.3 


30-40 


50.2 


22.0 


83.7 . 


• 40-50 


51.9 


23.0 


86.5 


50-60 


51.1 


20.3 


91.9 


60-70 


55.6 


20.3 


92.7 


70-80 


55.7 


20.3 


92.8 


80-90 


55.8 


21.2 


93.1 


90-100 


56.1 


22.0 


93.3 


i/> hr. 


60.0 


20.0 


100.0 



BLOCK GAMBIEE. 



15 


30.1 


27.4 


50.1 


15-30 


34.8 


26.2 


69.6 


30-40 


40.8 


27.2 


81.0 


40-50 


44.8 


27.6 


89.6 


50-60 


46.8 


27.8 


93.6 


60-70 


47.3 


27.6 


94.6 


70-80 


47.4 


27.6 


94.7 


80-90 


47.6 


27.3 


95.2 


90-100 


48.2 


27.1 


96.4 


i/o .hr. 


50.2 


26.4 


100.0 



BELGIAN OAK BAEK. 



15 


5.9 


■ 

5.1 ; 


61.9 


15-30 


6.8 


5.5 


70.7 * 


30-40 


8.0 


5.5 


83.5 


40-50 


8.2 


5.7 


84.2 


50-60 


8.5 


5.8 


87.6 


60-70 


9.1 


5.9 : 


95.5 


70-80 


9.2 


6.0 


95.7 


80-90 


9.6 


6.0 


100.0 


90-100 


9.6 


6.1 


100.0 


Boiled 1/2 hr. 


9.1 


6.6 


93.7 



134 Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 

MYEABOLANS. 



Temperature of 


Tanning Materials Ab- 


Soluble Non-Tanning 


Per cent Tannin on 


Extraction ° 


sorbed by Hide % 


Materials f> 


Maximum Yield 


15 


28.5 


12.8 


79.2 


15-30 


30.1 


13.6 


83.6 


30-40 


32.3 


14.3 


89.8 


40-50 


33.5 


13.6 


93.0 


50-60 


34.7 


14.4 


96.4 


60-70 


34.8 


14.4 


96.6 


70-80 . 


34.9 


14.9 


96.8 


80-90 


35.1 


15.0 


97.4 


90-100 


36.0 


14.9 


100.0 


Boiled 1/2 hr. 


35.4 


15.5 


98.1 



SMYEN^A YALONEA. 



15 


25.5 


19.1 


70.5 


15-30 


29.1 


18.3 


74.5 


30-40 


33.6 


18.1 


86.2 


40-50 


35.5 


18.1 


86.2 


50-60 


39.1 


16.6 


100.0 


60-70 


38.6 


17.0 . 


99.0 


70-80 


38.8 


17.5 


99.5 


80-90 


36.9 


17.2 


95.0 


90-100 


■ 36.6 


17.0 


94.0 


Boiled. 


.35.4 


17.0 


90.6 



GEEEK YALOISTBA. 



15 


16.0 


13.0 


64.0 


15-30 


18.1 


12.6 


72.4 


30-40 


21.1 


12.0 


84.4 


40-50 


23.6 


12.1 


94.4 


50-60 


24.8 


12.4 


99.2 


60-70 


25.0 


12.6 


100.0 


70-80 


24.6 


12.5 


98.4 


80-90 


24.0 


12.5 


96.0 


90-100 


23.6 


12.6 


94.4 


Boiled. 


22.6 


13.0 


88.8 



Cassella Color Company 

(American Branch of Leopold Cassella & Company, G. m. b. H.) 



Specialties for Dyeing Leather 



BASIC DYES 

Leather Blacks, Diamond Phosphines, 
Tannin Orange, Chrysoidines, Man- 
che^er Browns, Fuchsines, Brilliant 
and Malachite Greens, Methylene 
Blues, Methyl Violets, Etc. 

ACID DYES 

Nigrosines (All Shades), Nerazines, 
Neutral Blacks, Cyanoles and Tetra 
Cyanoles, Naphtol Green B, Lana- 
fuchsines. Etc. 



COLORS FOR AUTOMOBILE LEATHER 

CHROME LEATHER COLORS-ALL SHADES 

CHAMOIS LEATHER COLORS 

COLORS FOR LEATHER DRESSINGS AND 

FINISHES, ETC., ETC., ETC. 



NEW YORK OFFICE AND WAREHOUSE 

182-184 FRONT STREET 

BRANCHES: 

Boston, 39 Oliver Street 

Philadelphia, . . 126-128 South Front Street 

Providence, 64 Exchange Place 

Atlanta, 47 North Pryor Street 

Montreal, Can., 59 William Street 



DERMIFORMA 

PALERMO FIG SOAP 

HAEMATINE 

ANILINE COLORS 

F. E. ATTEAUX 

Q^ QOMPANY 



(INCORPORATED) 



Western Department 
53 West Kinzie Street, CHICAGO. ILLINIOIS 



Branches 

GLOVERSVILLE, NEW YORK 

MONTREAL, QUEBEC 



Main Offices and Laboratory 
172-178 Purchase St., BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 



Factory 
SOUTH BOSTON 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 



135 



FATAL MIMOSA. 



Temperature o£ 


Tanning Materials Ab- 


Soluble Non-Tanning 


Per cent Tannin on 


Extraclion ° 


sorbed by Hide <f> 


Materials </o 


Maximum Y.eld 


15 


21.3 


11.6 


66.2 


^ 15-30 


29.0 


9.8 


90.6 


30-40 


30.1 


9.8 


94.0 


40-50 


30.2 


9.8 


94.4 


50-60 


30.4 


10.4 


95.0 


60-70 


31.5 


10.6 


98.4 


70-80 


32.0 


10.8 


100.0 


80-90 


30.8 


11.3 


96.2 


90-100 


30.1 


11.8 


94.0 


Boiler!. 


29.4 


12.0 


91.8 



ANALYSES OF YAEIOUS MYEOBALAMS EECAL- 
CULATED TO 12 PEE CETsTT. WATEE. 



Picked Bhimley. . . 

Bhimley 1 

Bhimley 2 

Picked Eajpore. . . 

Ea jpore 1 

Eajpore 2 

Picked Jubblepore. 

Jubblopore 1 

Jubblepore 2 

Yingorlas 1 

Fair Coast Madras 



Tannin 


Non-Tannin 


Insoluble 


33.0 


13.1 


41.7 


38.4 


16.1 


33.5 


35.2 


14.2 


38.6 


32.2 


13.0 


42.8 


35.4 


12.1 


40.5 


27.6 


12.7 


47.7 


28.9 


12.7 


46.4 


36.5 


14.4 


37.1 


27.3 


14.1 


46.6 


31.5 


9.5 


47.0 


34.8 


15.4 


37.8 



12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
13.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 
12.0 



136 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



WEIGHT GIVING PEOPEETIES OE MYEOBALAMS 
CALCULATED TO 100 PAETS OF EAW DEY HIDE. 



Picked Bhimle}' . . . . 

Bhimley 1 

Bhimley 2 •. . . 

Picked Eajpore . . . . 

Eajpore 1 

Eajpore 2 

Picked Jubblepore. 
Jubblepore 1 ..... . 

Jubblepore 2 

Vingorlas 1 

Fair Coast Madras, 



Percentage Yield 

of Unwashed 

Leather 



154 
159 
161 
137 

145 
146 
166 

187 
187 
144 
151 



Units of Weight 
Lost on 
Washing 



29 

35 
35 
17 
24 
19 
33 
32 
30 
31 
37 



Percent Yield 

of Washed 

Leather 



125 
124 
126 
120 
121 
127 
133 
155 
157 
113 
114 



SUGAE IN MYEOBALAMS. 

Percent Sugar 

Picked Bhimley 3.3 

Bhimley 1 3.5 

Bhimley 2 . 3.1 

Picked Eajpore •. 3.2 

Eajpore 1 3.0 

Eajpore 2 2.9 

Picked Jubblepore 3.5 

Jubblepore 1 3.7 

Jubblepore 2 3.9 

Vingorlas 1 3.1 

Fair Coast Madras 3.4 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



13V 



LOSSES SUSTAI^'ED BY BAEK WHEN" KEPT UFDER 
VAEYING CONDITIONS (Villon). 



TANNIN PER CENT. AFTER 



CONDITIONS OF STORAGE 



1 Month 


3 Months 


6 Months 


lYear 


11.12 


8.40 


6.15 


5.00 


10.23 


8.10 


5.80 


4.12 


11.60 


10.60 


9.50 


8.08 


10.00 


7.13 


5.28 


2.15 


10.90 


8.37 


6.71 


4.19 


11.60 


10.44 


9.23 


6.81 


11.88 


11.00 


10.53 


10.00 


11.90 


11.50 


10.90 


10.50 



Gathered in rainy season. . . 

Gathered after frost 

Gathered in a dry season. . . 

Stored damp 

Stored dry in a damp place 

Stored in a dry place 

Stored in a dry, well venti- 
lated place 

Gathered in a dry time, 
stored dry, in a dry, well 
ventilated place 



2.16 
2.16 
6.50 
1.19 

2.07 
4.33 

8.88 



9.75 



ANALYSES OP CALIPOENIA OAK BAEK AND EX- 
TEACT AND OF EASTEEN EOCK OAK BAEK. 

(Eussell and Spragne). 





California Oak Bark 


California Oak Bark 
Ext. act 


RockO 


ak Bark 




Analysis 


Extractives 


Analysis 


Solid 


Analysis 


Extract 


Moisture 


8.8 





31.35 




11.20 




Analysis on Dry Basis 














Total Extract. . . . 


31.70 


100 


68.65 


100 


25.27 


100 


Soluble solids . . . . 


30.12 


95 


65.05 


94.7 


23.76 


94 


Insolubles 


1.58 


5 


3.60 


5.3 


1.51 


6 


Non-tannins 


19.33 


32.6 


21.07 


30.7 


8.97 


35.5 


Tannin 


19.79 


62.4 


43.98 


64.0 


14.79 


58.5 


Ash 






2.30 


3.3 






Tannin on air dry 










basis 


18.19 








13.13 















Propoetion or Tannin to Non-Tannins. 

California Oak Bark 100 

California Oak Bark Extract 100 

Eock Oak Bark 100 



52 
48 
61 



138 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



SUGAES NATURALLY CONTAINED IN TANNING 
MATERIALS (Yon Schroeder). 



Oak bark (av. 118 samples) 

Oak bark inner flesh (150 years old) . , 
Oak bark outer crnst (150) years old) . 

Oak bark young tree bark. . . . .' 

Oak wood (over 100 years) 

Oak wood (Q. sessichflora) young. . . . 

Evergreen oak Q. elex, bark 

Garomlle — Eoot bark (Q. coccifera) . . 

Pine bark (Abus exelsa) 

Willow barks (Russian) av 

Mimosa barks (Aus. wattles) ........ 

Aleppo pine (outer bark) 

Hemlock pine (Abies canadensis) old 

bark 

Divi-divi pods (Caesalpina coriaria) . . 
Algarobilla pods (C. brevifolia av.) . . 
Myrabolau^, fruit of (Terminalia 

chebula) 

Valonea, sugar (average) 

Sumach (Sicilian) 

Canaigre (root of Rumex hymeno- 

sepalus) 

Chestnut oak, without bark 

Quebracho wood (Loxo pterygiini 

Lorenzii ) 

Cube Gambir (Nauclea gambler) .... 
Cutch (Acacia- catechu) wood extract. 



Tanning 
Matter 



10.5 

13.8 

7.6 

13.0 

7.7 

2.2 

17.7 

25.4 

11.6 

13.4 

28.4 

20.6 

12.3 

40.7 
42.9 

30.8 
28.3 

27.8 

30.1 
8.3 

24.4 
47.2 
39.9 



SUGARS 



Percent 

on 
Material 



2.7 
1.3 

.7 
6.6 

A 
1.2 
3.6 
1.0 
3.5 
■4.5 

.9 
2.0 

7.1 

8.4 
8.2 

5.4 
2.7 
4.6 

4.3 
.3 

.25 
1.9 

.5 



Percent on 
Tanning 
Mote.i,l 



25.2 

9.5 

9.2 

50.8 

5.8 

53.7 

20.3 

4.0 

33.5 

33.6 

3.2 

9.9 

5.8 
20.5 
19.1 

17.4 

9.5 

16.6 

14.3 
2.9 

1.0 
3.9 
1.3 



Tanners" and Chemists'' Handbook. 139 



COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF AN OAK BAEK (Q. EOBUE) 

(Eckert.) 

Per Cent. 

Gallic acid contaminated with some tannin 1.09 

Gum contaminated with salts 8.50 

Tannin 5.60 

Extractive with sodium chloride, malic acids, salts and 

some sugar 8.33 

Extractive 4.54 

White resin 1.11 

Waxlike fat '..., 66 

Eed tannin extractive 3.34 

Pectic acid 6.77 

Calcium phosphate 40 

Basic magnesium phosphate 1.15 

Calcium and magnesium malate - 80 

Fiber 58.33 



140 



TANifERS^ AND ChEMISTS' IIaNDBOOK. 



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Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 141 



CHEMICALS USED li^ THE TANNEEY, SYNONYMS 
AND APT IMPUEITIES. 

Acetic Acid — -Vinegar, wood vinegar, p3^roligneous acid. Im- 
purities — Sulphates, chlorides, lead, copper, zinc, iron, lime, 
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid. 

Boric Acid — Boracic acid. 

Carbolic Acid — Phenol. Impurities — Iron. 

Chromic Acid — Chrome trioxid. Impurities — Sulphuric acid, 

nitric acid. 
Formic Acid — Impurities — Acetic acid, sulphuric acid, 

hydrochloric acid. 

Hydrochloric acid — Muriatic acid, spirits of salt. Impurities — 
sulphates, iron, chlorine, arsenic, salt, sulphuric acid. 

Nitric Acid — Aqua fortis. Impurities^Sulphuric and muriatic 
acids. 

Oxalic Acid — Impurities — Iron, calciuni. 

Sulphuric Acid — Oil of vitriol. Impurities — Calcium, iron, 
arsenic. 

Alcohol — Spirits of wine, grain alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Impuri- 
ties — Wood alcohol, acetic acid, acetic ethers, water, fusel oil. 

Alcohol (wood) — Wood spirits, methyl alcohol. Impurities — 
Acetone, acetic acid. 

Aluminum Sulphate — Alum cake. Impurities — Iron, alum, 
sulphates, chlorides. 

Alum — Impurities — Iron, sulphates, chlorides. 

Ammonium Hydrate — Ammonia, aqua ammonia, hartshorn. 
Impurities — Alurainu.m salts, iron, chlorides, sulphates. 

Ammoniu.m Chloride — Sal ammoniac. Impurities^Sulphates, 
iron, salt. 

Anilin Dyes — Coal tar dyes. Impurities — Dextrine, sugar, 
starch, dauber's salt, salt, insoluble matter. 



142 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Antimony Potassium Tartrate — Tartar emetic. Impurities — 
Zinc sulphate, sulphates, chlorides. 

Barium Chloride— Impurities — Iron, calcium. 

Barium Hydrate — Impurities — Iron, calcium, chlorides, 

carbonates. 

Barium Sulphate — Lead bloom, heavy spar. Impurities — Car- 
bonates. 

Borax — Impurities — Bicarbonates, carbonates. 

Calcium Carbonate — Whiting, chalk. Impurities — Magnesium. 

Chromium Potassium Sulphate — Chrom alum. Impurities — 
Iron, calcium, sulphates, insolubles. 

Chromium Sulphite — Impurities— Sulphates, insolubles. 

Copperas- — Green vitriol, ferrous sulphate, iron sulphate. Im- 
purities — Ferric salts, sulphates, chlorides. 

Copper, Subacetate — Verdigris. Impurities — Chalk, copper 
sulphate. 

Copper Sulphate — -Blue stone, blue vitriol. Impurities — Fer- 
rous sulphate. 

Dextrine — British gum, starch gum. Impurities — Starch, grape 
sugar, acids. 

Epsom Salts — Bitter salt, sulphate of magnesia. Impurities — 
Salt, Glauber's salt. 

Ferric Sulphate — Impurities — Green vitriol, salt, insol- 

ubles. 

Ferrous Sulphate — Green vitriol, iron sulphate, copperas. See 
copperas. 

Flour — Impurities — Alum, chalk, plaster. 

Fustic — Cubawood, old fustic, yellow wood. Impurities — Other 
yellow dye woods. 

Fustic Extract — Impurities — Salt, molasses, dextrine, 

starch, turmeric, glycerine, aniline dyes. 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 143 

Glycerine — Soap maker's residue. Impurities— Sugar, water^ 
glucose. 

Glauber's Salt — Sodium sulphate. Impurities — Salt, magne- 
sium, aluminum, insolubles. 

Gums — Impurities — Sand, earth. 

Iron Acetate — Ferrous acetate, black liquor, pyrolignite of iron. 
Impurities — Copperas, tannin, acids. 

Ifon Liquor — Silk iron, copperas nitrate. Impurities — 

Iron Nitrate — True iron nitrate. Impurities — Nitrates of soda 
and aluminum, salt. 

Lead Acetate — Sugar of lead. Impurities — Acetates of iron and 
copper. 

Lead Bloom — See Barium Sulphate, 

Lime — Quick lime. Impurities — Magnesium, aluminum, iron. 

Lime, Hydrate of — Slacked lime. Impurities — Same as lime. 

Logwood — Campeachy wood. Impurities — Aniline colored hem- 
lock bark. 

Logwood Extract — Impurities — i^niline dyes, glucose, 

resin, molasses, hemlock extract. 

Magnesium Sulphate — See Epsom Salt. 

Potassium Bichromate — Impurities — Sulphates, chro- 

mates. 

Potassium Carbonate — Salts of tartar. Impurities — Soda ash, 
iron, aluminum, silica, calcium, sulphates, salt. 

Potassium ferrocyanide — Yellow prussiate of potash. Impuri- 
ties—Sulphates and chlorides. 

Soaps — Impurities — Eesin, silicate of soda, water, free 

alkali, clay. Puller's earth, chalk. 

Soda Ash — Soda, sodium carbonate. Impurities — Chlorides, 
sulphates, iron, lime. 

Sodium Borate — See Borax. 



144 Tanners' axd Chemists' Handbook. 

Sodium^ Bicarbonate — Cooking soda, saleratus. Impurities — 
Sodium carbonate, chlorides, sulphates, calcium. 

Sodium Bichromate — Impurities — Sulphates, chromates, 

chlorides. 

Sodium Bisulphite — Impurities — Sulphates, chlorides. 

Sodium Carbonate — Sal soda, washing soda. Impurities — Same 
as Soda Ash. 

Sodium H^^drate — Caustic soda. Impurities — Salt, silica, car- 
bonates, aluminum, iron. 

Sodium Hyposulphite — Hypo, thiosulphate. Impurities^Iron, 
calcium, sulphates, sulphur, sulphites, chlorides. 

Sodium Sulphate — See Glauber's salt. 

Sodium Sulphide — Depilatory. Impurities — Polysulphides 
chlorides, sulphates, iron. 

Sodium Thiosulphate — Hypo — See Sodium Hyposulphite. 

Stannous Chloride — Tin salts, tin chloride. Impurities — Sul- 
phates, iron, arsenic, salt. 

Tartar Emetic — See Antimony Potassium Tartrate. 

Tin chloride — Tin crystals — See Stannous chloride. 

Zinc Sulphate ■ — White Vitriol. Impurities — Iron, lead, 
chlorides. 



TURKEY EED OIL. 

Place 11 gallons castor oil in an earthenware crock, of about 
25 gallons capacity, which is surrounded by running water or 
ice so as to keep the temperature at 45° P. or lower. Then place 
2% gallons of sulphuric acid 66°Be. in a tubulated holder above 
the crock and connect the lower opening with a hard rubber, 
glass or lead pipe which reaches to the bottom of the oil. Now 
let the acid flow, drop by drop, into the cooled oil, which should 
be constantly stirred, either by hand or machine. The flow of 
acid is so regulated that the operation is completed in 8-12 hours. 
This mixture is allowed to stand 12 hours and washed thor- 



Tanneks' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



145 



oughly with a concentrated salt solution. After each addition 
of salt solution, the mixture is allowed to settle and the wash 
water dra-wTi off from below. The mixture is then washed with 
luke warm water and allowed to settle and drawn off as above. 
Stir well during each operation. Allow the last washing to stand 
24 hours and draw off the water. The oil so obtained can be 
used as an acid fat liquor. In order to complete the process for 
making turkey red oil, the oil obtained as above is mixed grad- 
ually with 11 pounds ammonia, sp. gr. 0.90, 28%NH3, and 5% 
gallwns cold water added, which will "give a 50% turkey red oil. 
In washing water should be used as free from lime as is possible 
to obtain. The purer the water the better the product. 



"SWELLING POWEE" OF ACIDS (Villon), 
Taking Sulphuric Acid at 100. 



Sulphuric !lOO 

Acetic 80 

Lactic 60 

Tartaric 45 

Oxalic 45 



Citric 40 

Nitric 30 

Phosphoric 25 

Hydrochloric 12 

Boracic 10 



DELIMING POWER OF ACIDS (Drake). 



ACID 


FORMULA 


MOL. WT. 


ionization 

(Proport.on of 
Penetralion) 


Formic 


HCOOH 
CH,COOH 
CH3CHOH 
COOH 


46 

60 
90 


104 


Acetic 


12 


Lactic 






6 



146 Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 

"DEHAIRIIsTG POWER" OF SULPHIDES (Villon). 



NAME OF SULPHIDE 



Potassium monosulphide 

" disulphide. 

" trisulphide : . 

" tetrasulphide 

" pentasulphide 

Sodium monosulphide 

" disulphide 

" trisulphide 

" tetrasulphide 

pentasulphide 

Ammonium monosulphide 

" disulphide 

" pentasulphide 

" heptasulphide 

Barium sulphide 

Strontium sulphide 

Calcium monosulphide 

" disulphide 

" pentasulphide 

Magnesium sulphide 

Sulpharsenious acid (with NaOH) 
Sulpharsenic acid (with NaOH) . . 

Arsenic persulphide 

Zinc sulphide (with NaOH) 



COMPOSITION 


Sulphur 


Alkali 


29.1 


70.9 


45.1 


54.9 


55.2 

62.16 

67.25 


44.8 

37.84 

33.75 


41.03 


58.97 


58.19 


41.81 


67.61 


32.39 


73.67 


26.43 


77.67 


22.33 


46.98 


53.01 


63.93 


36.06 


81.60 


18.40 


86.12 


13.88 


18.82 


81.18 


26.87 


73.13 


44.45 


65.55 


62.97 


37.30 


79.97 


20 30 


! 56.00 


44.00 


39.02 


60.98 


51.70 


48.30 


79.39 


20.61 


33.30 


66.7 



Time Re- 
quire d for a 

One Per 
cent Solution 



23 hrs. 

18 hrs. 

18 hrs. 
23 hrs. 
28 hrs. 
20 hrs. 

19 hrs. 
23 hrs. 
26 hrs. 
28 hrs. 

17 hrs. 
23 hrs. 
30 hrs. 
30 hrs. 
28 hrs. 
34 hrs. 

15 hrs. 

18 hrs. 
25 hrs. 
28 hrs. 
23 hrs. 

16 hrs. 
33 hrs. 
39 hrs. 



THE PPiEPx^RATlON OF YEGETABLE-TAFKTED 
LEATHER FOR DYEING. 

Before dyeing, the skins must be sorted according to color 
and qualit}^ 

For light shades only a clear and pnre tannings, and as far 
as possible clear-gTained skins^ should be employed. 

The sorted skins are soaked in tepid water in a tub for about 
%-l hour. East Indian leathers are an exception on account 
of the amount of grease which they contain; these must be 
soaked in warm water for 2-3 hours. The object of the soaking 
is to prevent the grain of the leather from becoming damaged 
in the tumbler; this frequently occurs during the process of 
tumbling if the skins have been either insufficiently or not at 
all wetted out. 



Berlin Aniline Works 

Sole Importers of the Products Manufactured by 

ACTIEN-GESELLSCHAFT FUER ANILIS-FABRIKATION 
BERLIN, GERMAW 









%■ "k^'^v 


r^-ffsrf--'^-. 




*- «til ■ 


' 'm;:sc^ 




: -M 










Main Office, 213-215 Water Street 
NEW YORK CITY 



BRANCHES 

BOSTON, MASS., 124 Pearl St. CHICAGO, ILL., 12 We^ Kinzie St. 

PHILADELPHIA, PA., 122 Walnut St. CH \RLOTTE, N. C, Tru^ BIdg. 
ATLAN ! A, GA., Box 1039 MONTREAL, 310 St. Paul St. 

McArthur, Corneille & Co., Agents 

Manufacturers and Importers of 

ANILINE ^ALIZARINE COLORS 

DYE STUFFS AND CHEMICALS 
HEMATINE AND DYEWOOD EXTRACTS 

SPECIALTIES FOR 

CHROME AND VEGETABLE TANNED LEATHER 



h: 



Let's Talk It Over 

You Tan Leathers — We Make Chemicals 

As you believe nothing to be impossible you are continually 
working for better leather and a further reduction in the cost of 
tanning — right here is where you can profitably use 

Wyandotte Tanner's Soda 

and 

Wyandotte Tanner's Alkali 

Many tanners are already using these much to their advan- 
tage. Possibly you are one of the number. But if you are not, 
and some day when visiting another tanner you learned he was 
using Wyandotte Tanner's Soda for breaking water and he 
should further explain that it also increased its cleansing and pene- 
trating properties, would it not be a bit of interesting information? 

If then you learned that Wyandotte Tannefs Soda used 
in the limes added plumpness to the leather, accelerated their 
action and did not destroy the hair, you would be more interested. 

Then, again, if you are tanning sole leather and you knew 
that Wyandotte Tanner^ S Alkali not only produced the de- 
sired color to a nicety, but also caused the leather to show greater 
gains in weight than the ordinary chemicals commonly used, you 
would realize the nature of these products. 

For lack of space, only a few of the uses of these articles 
can be enumerated. These few, however, will show you some- 
what of the range and practical application for which they can be 
employed. If you care for further information we shall be pleased 
to write you fully where and how to use these materials. Merely 
state to us what kind of leathers you tan. 

Wyandotte Tanner's Soda and Wyandotte Tanner's 

Alkali are sold by all regular tannery supply houses. 

THE J. B. FORD COMPANY 

SOLE MANUFACTURERS 

WYANDOTTE, MICH., U. S. A. 



Q. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 147 

Tumbling — ^^vaslliIlg out — is carried out for the purpose of 
removing the impurities left in the leather from the tanning 
process and in order to make the grain more receptive for the dye. 

For tumbling skivers and fleshes low, slowly revolving 
drums about five feet high are of advantage, whilst for other 
kinds of leathei-, such as goat-skin, sheep-skin, and calf-skin, 
tumblers about 8-10 feet high are preferable. 

For the production of even and clear shades good tumbling 
is under all circumstances necessary; for this operation neither 
tim* nor trouble should be spared, as otherwise unsatisfactory 
dyeings may easily result. Badly tumbled skins always appear 
cloudy and patchy. 

The timibling is carried out as follows : Place the skins 
singly into the drum and wash thoroughly with luke warm water 
for 1/4 hour. Let water run and add fresh water 100°P. The 
druming process for skivers and fleshers 'lasts about i/o hour; 
calf skins lasts about % hour; sheep and goat skins lasts about 
% hour. 

DYESTUFFS SUITABLE FOU VEGETABLE-TAKNED 
LEATHEE. 

For dyeing vegetable-tanned leather both basic and acid 
dyes can be employed; in general basic dyes are preferred for 
the deeper and fuller shades, whilst acid dyes are given the 
preference for bright and bloomy dj^eings. 

In some cases it is of advantage to employ basic and acid 
dyes in combination; this, however, mast binder no circum- 
stances be attempted simultaneously in one bath. The leather 
should preferably be first dyed with the acid dye and then topped 
in a separate bath with the basic dye. 

BASIC DYES. 

Basic dyes are dyed on vegetable-tanned leather without 
any addition; if hard water is employed, an addition of 

1/10 oz. acetic acid (30%) per gallon liquor 
is to be recommended. 

ACID DYES. 

Acid dyes are dyed on vegetable tanned leather with an addi- 
tion of 1/4 oz. sulfuric acid (66°Be.) per gallon liquor. 



148 Tanxeks' and Chemists' Handbook. 

DYEIKG m THE TUMBLER. 

Place the skins singly into a tumbler fitted with a hollow 
axle, run in about half the necessary quantity of water and 
tumble for 10 minutes. Meanwhile dissolve the dye in the re- 
maining quantity of water and allow this solution to slowly run 
in through the axle of the revolving tumbler. Dye at about 
120°E. with 2-3 pints water for each skin. According to the 
size of the tumbler, 120-180 skins can be d5red in one lot. 
Tumble for about % hour, then rinse in clear water, slick, 
and dry. 

This process is specially adapted for dyeing large quantities 
of leather ; in order to avoid letting the skins hang too long after 
dyeing, a striking out machine is employed with advantage. 

BRUSH DYEING (Staining). 

This method is mostly employed for heav}' leathers, and in 
such cases where a perfectly undyed (if possible, white) back is 
required. 

The washed skins are slicked and dried. Heavy leather is 
hung on wooden poles to dry, whilst other kinds are stretched 
on wooden frames so as to prevent them from losing their shape 
during the drying. In order to free the grain from any adher- 
ing dirt, it is advisable before dyeing to moisten all such skins 
as are to be brush-dyed with water containing a little gelatine, 
for 2 gallons warm water take about 1-16 oz. gelatine. Dissolve 
dye in hot water, strain through cloth and cool down to 120°F. 
and brush the dye solution on evenly with a soft brush. After 
dyeing rinse with water and dry. One or two applications must 
be made according to the shade required. 

THE DRESSING OF DYED CHROME-TANNED 
LEATHER. 

Pat-Liquoking. 

Before fat-liquoring, the dye skins are struck out lightly on 
a striking out machine. 

Por fat-liquoring, emulsions of degras, neatsfoot oil, olive 
oil, palm oil, etc., with alkalies, su.ch as caustic soda, etc., are 
employed. 'Instead of the alkalies, soaps may also be used. An 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 149 

emulsion which has proved useful and which is easy to prepare 
can be obtained according to the following recipe: 

For 100 lbs. skins drained tanned split and shaved weight. 

1 lb degras 
1 lb. olive oil 
Yo lb. glycerine 
Vo lb. soft soap 
6-7 galls, water at 140 °F. 

tumble the skins in this emulsion for % hour. 

After fat-liquoring, the skins are hung on a trestle for 1-2 
hours so as to let the fat penetrate the leather. They should 
not, however, be allowed to hang too long, as stains may easily 
result, especially with light shades. The skins are now slicked 
and oiled on the grain, if desirable, and then tacked. 



THE PKEPAEATION OF CHROME-TAKNED LEATHEE 
FOE DYEING. 

After all traces of acid have been removed from the skins, 
whether tanned according to the one-bath or the two-bath 
process, they are shaved on the machine and washed in warm 
water. In order to avoid difficulties in the dyeing and dressing, 
the skins should be carefully examined as to whether all the 
alkali which has been employed for neutralizing them is re- 
moved, or whether the leather has been sufficiently neutralized 
with borax. For this purpose a strip of blue or red litmus-paper 
is employed. If blue litmus-paper is reddened, the skins still 
contain acid; this must under all circumstances be removed, as 
otherwise difficulties in the dyeing and fat-liquoring may result. 
Leather which has not been sufficiently neutralized always re- 
mains hard and becomes brittle on storing. 

If the presence of acid in the leather is proved by the 
litmus-paper, the skins should be tumbled for %-% hour with 
1/4 lb. borax and 30 gallons water at 100-140°F. for every 100 
lbs. leather drained weight of wet leather. Then rinse well 
several times with warm water in order to remove all excess of 
alkali. 

If on the other hand red litmus-paper is turned blue, alkali 
is still contained in the leather.- To remove this completely, 



150 Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. . 

wash in warm 'water until the red litmus-paper no longer be- 
comes blue. 

After the skins have been prepared in this manner they 
are sorted for d3reing, which should be done as soon as possible. 
It is not advisable to keep the skins in an undyed state for any 
length of time after the tanning, because chrome-tanned leather 
which has been kept in stock for some time partially loses its 
affinity for dyestuffs. 

BASIC DYP]S. 

When dyeing with basic dyes a slight preliminary tanning 
with vegetable tanning materials is necessary; this can be done 
with ease in the drum. 

For 100 lbs. skins, drained tanned split and shaved weight. 

3-5% sumac extract, gambler, etc. 
20-25 gallons water 

should be taken and milled for 20-30 minutes in the drum. Then 
set with %-!% tartar emetic, antimonine, titanium lactate or 
potassium titanium oxalate. Wash with clear water for about 
% hour, and then color at 130°P. with a slight addition of 
acetic acid and washed well before fat-liquoring. 

ACID DYES. 

The dyeing with acid dyes is carried out at 120-140° F. with 
an addition of sulfuric acid (66°Be.), using, 

Yq oz. per gallon liquor when dj^eing in the tray, and 
5 oz. per 100 lbs. skins drained weight of wet leather when 
dyeing in drum. 

The sulfuric acid must first be diluted with about 10 times 
its weight of water, and should only be added to the dyebath 
after a few minutes, when a portion of the dyestuff has been 
absorbed by the leather. 

After dyeing, the skins must be carefully rinsed so as to 
thoroughly remove all excess of acid. This is best done in the 
paddle or in the drum. Skins which have not been well rinsed 
will cause difficulties when fat-liquoring, as the acid makes the 
grain sticky and prevents the penetration of the fat liquor. 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook, 151 

DYEING- m THE DKUM. 

This is the most iTsual method of procedure. Enter the 
skins sinofly into the drum fitted with a hollow axle, run in 
about one-half the necessary quantity of water and allow the 
drum to revolve for about 10 minutes. Meanwhile dissolve 
the dye in the other half of the water and iet this solution run 
in slowly through the hollow axle of the drum whilst it re- 
volves. For each medium sized skin take about 1 quart water 
at 1^-140°F. The dyeing process lasts I/2-I hour. The skins 
are then well rinsed in clean M^ater, slicked lightly, and fat- 
liquored. 

THE PEEPAEATION" OF CHAMOIS LEATHEE FOE 
DYEING. 

The skins are first washed in a tepid soap solution (8 oz. 
neutral soap per gallon water) until no more light-colored 
patches are visible. Tfiey are next rinsed several times in clear 
tepid water, and are then ready for dyeing, 

THE DYEING OF CHAMOIS LEATHEE. 

The dyeing is carried out in the same way as with vegetable- 
tanned leather; both basic dyes and acid dyes are adapted. 
When dyeing with basic dyes add to the liquor 

10% Glaubersalt cryst. 
2% acetic acid (30%) 

of the weight of the dry skins, 
when dyeing with acid dyes, add 

10% Glaubersalt cryst. 
5% bisulphate of soda. 
The duration of the dyeing process varies according to the 
manner of dyeing and the amount of the dyestuifs employed. If 
the dyeing is done in the tray, the operation usually lasts about 
10 minutes, if in the drum, about 30 minutes. When brush 
dyeing (staining), it is of advantage not to make the dye solu- 
tions too concentrated, as otherwise dark patches and uneven 
dyeings may easily result. In order, however, to obtain dark 
dyeings, the dye solution should be brushed on several times. 



152 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

The temperature of the dye liquor and solutions should not 
exceed about 100°F. 

After dyeing, rinse, squeeze off, and dry at a moderate 
temperature. 

THE PREPAEATION OF ALUMED LEATHER FOR 
DYEING. 

In order to obtain level dyeings on alumed skins they must 
be freed from any substances that might influence the dyeing, 
such as alum, flour, etc. 

This is done by washing out several times in tepid water. 
In order that the leather may retain its original pliability after 
.the drying, an egg-emulsion is applied, i. e., the skins are treated 
in a mixture of the yolk of 3 eggs and a little common salt for 
1 dozen skins, with sufficient water to cover them. 

Before the actual dyeing, the skins are mordanted with 
carbonate of ammonia or phosphate of soda. 

THE DYEING OF ALUMED LEATHER. 

Acid dyes are chiefly employed for dyeing alumed leather. 
For darker shades, such as brown, olive, green, etc., it is neces- 
sary to bottom with dye-woods, then topping with a suitable 
aniline dye. 

The dj'eing generally occurs on the table by means of a 
brush, occasionally also in the tray and in the drum. 

The temperature of the dye-bath must never exceed 85°F. ; 
higher temperatures spoil the leather. 

After dyeing, rinse with water, slick the skins with a vul- 
canite slicker, and hang them up to dry by their hind shanks in a 
moderately warm room. 

After drying, the skins are staked, rubbed off well with a 
woolen rag and polished. 

REACTIONS OF WOOD DYES. 

Logwood decoction with : 

Weak Acids — Paler. 

Concentrated Acids — Bloodred, orange yellow on dilution. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 1S3 

Caustic, Potash or Soda — Purple, then blue, slowly dirty 
brown or violet. 

Alkali Carbonates — Same as caustic ; does not become violet. 

Ammonia — Deep red-purple, quickly turns brown. 

Baryta, and Lime Water — Dark violet, then black, then pre- 
cipitates. 

Alum Solution— Eich plum color slowly develops. 

Lead Acetate — Dark violet precipitate. 

Basic Lead Acetate— Dark blue precipitate. 
-Copperas — Violet black precipitate. 

Ferric Sulphate — Eedder than the copperas precipitate. 

Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) — Dark red precipitate or 
violet. 

Tin Chloride — Eed violet precipitate. 

Silver Nitrate — ^Yellow brown precipitate. 

Bichromate of Potash — Black coloration, on boiling black 
precipitate. 

Young Pustic with : 

Alkali — Orange color. 

Acids — Greenish color. 

Lime Water — Orange precipitate. 

Tin Chloride — Orange precipitate. 

Lead Acetate — Orange precipitate. 

Copper Acetate — Dark red precipitate. 

Ferric Sulphate — Olive green precipitate. 

Decoction of Saunders with: 

Chromium Salts — Brown red. 
' Aluminum Salts — Orange red. 
Iron Salts — Maroon. 
Copper Salts — Brown. 
Tin Salts— Eed. 

Decoction of Madder with : 

Alkali — Bluish precipitate. 

Acids — Brown yellow. 

Alum Solution — Brown red precipitate. 

Tin Chloride — Brown red precipitate. 

Iron Salts — Dark brown precipitate. 

Copper Salts — Eed brown precipitate. 



154 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 

Decoction of Orchil or Ciidbear with: 

Acids — Solution yellower. 
Alkali — Solution bluer. 
Lead Acetate — Deep crimson precipitate. 
Calcium Chloride — Eed precipitate in cone, solution. 
■ Tin Chloride — Eed^, then yellow. 
Alum Solution — Solution redder. 
Basic Alum — Crimson-red precipitate. 

Decoction of Cochineal with : 

Chromium Salts — Purple. 
Aluminum Salts — Crimson. 
Iron Salts — Purple. 
Copper Salts-^Claret. 
Tin Salts — Scarlet. 

Decoction of Fustic with: 

, Alkali — Orange-yellow to brown. 
Weak Acids — Pale yellow precipitate. 
Alum Solution — Bright yellow precipitate. 
Lead Acetate — Yellow-orange precipitate. 
Copper Acetate — Brown-yellow precipitate. 
Ferric Sulphate — Olive coloration, on standing brown olive 

precipitate. 
Copperas — Same as Ferric Sulphate. 
Tin Chloride — Eich brown-yellow precipitate. 
Copper Sulphate — Dark green precipitate. 
Gelatine — Yellow floculent precipitate. 

Decoction of Quercitron with : 

Alkali — Deepens the color. 

Acids — Brightens the liquid, then brown precipitate. 
Alum Solution — Brightens the liquid, then yellow precipi- 
tate. 
Tin Chloride — BrowTi precipitate. 
Stannic Chloride — Yellow precipitate. 
Lead Acetate — Brown-yellow precipitate. 
Copper Acetate — Olive-green precipitate. 
Copperas — Olive-brown precipitate forms slowly. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 155 

Persian Berries with : 
Alkali — Orange. 
Acids — Solution turbid. 

Lead Acetate — Yellow precipitate forms slowly. 
Copper Acetate — Green-yellow. 
Ferric Sulphate — Green-yellow. 
Ferrous Sulphate (Copperas) — Olive. 
Chromium Sulphate — Brown. 

Aluminum Sulphate — Bright yellow. 

» 

Decoction of Weld with : 
Alkali — Golden yellow. 

Barium Hydrate — Yellow fioculent precipitate. 
Alum Solution — Slight yellow precipitate. 
Tin Chloride — Yellow precipitate. 
Lead Acetate— Yellow precipitate. 
Ferric Sulphate — Olive brown, on standing brown precipi- 

' tate. 
Copper Acetate — Yellow-brown precipitate. 
Acids — Turbidity. 
Bichromates — Golden yellow, on standing yellow precipitate. 

Decoction of Brazil Wood, Peach Wood, Lima Wood, with : 
Weak Acids — Yellow-orange. 
Alkali — Crimson red tint. 

Bichromates — Dark red, on standing deep red precipitate. 
Lead Acetate — Slight red precipitate, filtered liquor dyes 

deeper and brighter. 
Basic Lead Acetate — Bluish precipitate. 
Basic Alum — Beautiful pink red precipitate. 
Chromium Salts — Yiolet-claret. 
Aluminum Sulphate — Eose red. 
Copperas — Grey-violet to purple. 
Copper Salts — Drab to brown. 
Tin Salts — Crimson red. 

Decoction of Cam Wood with : 
Chromium Salts — Eed- violet. 
Aluminum Salts — Eed. 
Iron Salts — Violet. 
Copper Salts — Brown. 
Tin Salts— Blue-red. 



156 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



Decoction of Catechu and Gambler with : 
Alkali — Brownish hue. 

Alum Solution — Yellow color, solution clearer. 
Copperas — Olive green. 
Ferric Sulphate — Dark green. 
Copper Sulphate — Olive. 
Copper Acetate — Black-brown precipitate. 
Lead Acetate — Yellow-grey precipitate. 
Bichromates — Heavy brown precipitate. 
Gelatine — Heavy precipitate. 

AMOUNT OF ALKALI NECESSAEY TO SAPONIFY 
10 POUNDS OF OIL. 





N a O H 


K C 


) H 


KIND 


Lbs. 
NaaO 


Lbs. 
Na^O 


Lbs. 
NajO 


Lbs. 
KOH 


Lbs. 
KOH 


Castor Oil , 


1.66 

1.88 
1.96 
1.75 
1.77 
1.77 
1.86 

1.77 
1.75 
1.46 
1.81 

1.87 
2.35 
1.81 
1.80 
1.81 
1.76 
1.77 


1.85 
1.44 
1.59 
1.42 
1.48 
1.43 
1.50 

1.42 
1.42 
1.18 
1.47 

1.51 
1.90 
1.47 
1.46 
1.47 
1.43 
1.48 


1.31 
1.41 

1.55 
1.88 
1.40 
1.40 
1.53 

1.40 
1.88 
1.15 
1.43 

1.47 
1.85 
1.43 
1.42 
1.43 
1.89 
1.40 


2.25 
2.41 
2.66 
2.87 
2.41 
2.41 
2.52 

2.47 
2.37 
2.20 
2.46 

2.52 
3.02 
2.45 
2.43 
2.46 
2.38 
2.41 


2.12 


Linseed Oil 


2.25 


Cottonseed Oil 

Corn 


2.50 
2.23 


Olive 


2.27 


Neatsfoot 

Palm Oil 


2.27 
2.89 


Distilled Grease 

Stearin 


2.29 


Sesame , 


2.23 


Rape 


2.07 


Sheepskin Grease 

Resin Oil 


2.32 


Oleo Stearine 


2.39 


Cocoanut Oil 


3.00 


Beef Tallow 


2.31 


Mutton Tallow 

Horse Fat , 


2.29 
2.32 


Bone Fat 


2.24 


Lard 


2.29 













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'>.'p.;>.-g-g;l^-^''.§'a^''2g> 

2 £ £ £ ? ?5 g y e 5:^ ^.-S 

HHHH<<^UPOQmfc4 



160 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

TABLE OF MULTIPLES. ' 

Centimeters X 0.3937 = inches. 

Centimeters X 0.0338 = feet. 

Centimeters, cubic X 0.0338 = fluid ounces, apothecaries. 

Diameter of a circle X 3.1416 = circumference. 

Gallons X 3.785 = liters. 

G-allons X 0.833565 = imperial gallons. 

Gallons, imperial X 1.199666 = U. S. gallons. 

Gallons X 8.33505 == pounds of water. 

Gallons, imperial X 10 = pounds of water. 

Gallons, imperial X 4.54102 = liters. 

Grains X 0.0648 = grams. 

Grams X 15.43236 == grains. 

Inches X 0.0254 = meters. 

Inches X 25.4 = millimeters. 

Meter X 39.37 = inches. 

Miles X 1.609 = kilometers. 

Miles X 5280 = feet. 

Ounces, Troy X 1.097 == ounces, avoirdupois. 

Ounces, avoirdupois X 0.9115 = ounces, Tro3^ 

Pounds, avoirdupois X 0.4536 = kilograms. 

Pounds, avoirdupois X 0.8228572 = pounds, Troy. 

Pounds, Troy X 0.37286 -= kilograms. 

Pounds, Troy X 1.21527 = pounds, avoirdupois. 

Quarts X . .94636 = liters. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



161 



FEACTIONAL PAKTS OF AN INCH EXPRESSED IN 
THOUSANDTHS. . 

The following tables will be found very convenient for the 
transposition of fractional parts of an inch, or decimal parts of 
a millimeter to decimals of an inch : 



8ths. 


16ths. 


32nds. 


64ths. 


1/8 = .125 


1/16 = .0625 


1/32 = .03125 


1/64 = .015625 


1/4 = .250 


3/16 = .1875 


3/32 = .09375 


3/64 = .046875 


. 3/8 = .375 


5/16 = .3125 


5/32 = .15625 


5/64 = .078125 


1/2 = .500 


7/16 = .4376 


7/32 = .21875 


7/64 = .109375 


5/8 = .625 


9/16 = .5625 


9/32 = .28125 


9/64 = .140625 


3/4 = .750 


11/16 = .6875 


11/32 = .34375 


11/64 = .171875 


7/8 = .875 


13/16 = .8125 


13/32 = .40625 


13/64 = .203125 




15/16 = .9375 


15/32 = .46875 


15/64 = .234375 






17/32 = .53125 


. 17/64 = .265625 






19/32 = .59375 


19/64 = .296876 






21/32 = .65625 


21/64 = .328125 






23/32 = .71875 


23/64 = .359376 






25/32 = .78125 


25/64 = .390625 






27/32 = .84375 


27/64 = .421875 






29/32 = .90625 


29/64 = .453125 






31/32 = .96875 


31/64 = .484375 
33/64 = .515626 
35/64 = .546875 
37/64 = .578125 
39/64 = .609375 
41/64 = .640626 
43/64 = .671875 
45/64 = .703125 
47/64 = .734375 
49/64 = .765626 
51/64 = .796876 
53/64 = .828125 
55/64 = .859375 
57/64 = .890626 
.59/64 = .921876 
61/64 = .953125 
63/64 = .984375 



162 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



DECIMAL PAETS OF A MILLIMETEE EXPRESSED IX 
DECIMAL PAETS OF AN INCH. 



MM. 
1 = 
.99 = 
.98: 
.97 = 
.96 = 
.95 = 
.94 = 
.93 = 
.92- 
.91 = 
.90 = 



.87: 

.86: 
.85: 



.82: 
.81: 



In. 
.03937 
.0389765 
.03858-26 
.0381889 
.0377952 
.0374015 
.0370078 
.0366141 
.0362204 
.0358267 
.0354330 
.0350393 
.0346456 
.0342519 
.0338582 
.0334645 
.0330708 
.0326771 
.0322834 
.0318897 



MM. 
.80 = 
.79 = 
.78 = 
.77 = 
.76 = 
.75 = 
.74; 
.73 = 
.72 = 
.71 = 
.70 = 



.67: 

.66: 
.65: 
.64: 
.63: 
.62: 
.61: 



In. 
.0314960 
.0311023 
.0307086 
.0303149 
.0299212 
.0295275 
.0291338 
.0287401 
.0283464 
.0279527 
.0275590 
.0271653 
.0267716 
.0263779 
.0259842 
.0255905 
.0251968 
.0248031 
.0244094 
.0240157 



MM. 
.60 = 
.69 = 
.58 = 
.57 = 
.56 = 
.55 = 
.54 = 
.63 = 
.52 = 
.51 = 
.50 = 
.49 = 
.48 = 
.47 = 
.46 = 
.45 = 
.44 = 
.43 = 
.42 = 
.41 = 



In. 

.0236220 

.0232283 

.0228346 

.0224409 

.0220472 

.0216536 

.0212598 

.0208661 

.0204724 

.0200787 

.019686 

.0192913 

.0188976 

.0185039 

.0181102 

.0177166 

.0173228 

.0169291 

.0165354 

.0161417 



MM. 
40 = 
39 = 
38 = 
37 = 
36 = 
35 = 
34 = 
33 = 
32 = 
31 = 
30 = 
29 = 
28 = 
27 = 
26 = 
25 = 
24 = 
23 = 
22 = 
21 = 



In. 

.0157480 
.0153643 
.0149606 
.0145669 
.0141732 
.0137795 
.0133858 
.0129921 
.0125984 
.0122047 
.0118110 
.0114173 
.0110236 
.0106299 
.0102362 
.0098425 
.0094488 
.0090551 
.0086614 
.0082677 



MM. 
.20 = 
.19 = 
.18 = 
.17 = 
.16 = 
.15 = 
.14 = 
.13 = 
.12 = 
.11 = 
.10 = 
.09 = 
.08 = 
.07 = 
.06 = 
.05 = 
.04 = 
.03 = 
.02 = 
.01 = 



In. 

: MISUO 
■■ .0074803 
: .0070866 
: .0066929 
: .0062992 
: .0059055 
.0055118 
.0051181 
.0047244 
: .0043307 
: .0039370 
: .00354.33 
: .0031496 
: .0027559 
: .0023622 
: .0019685 
: .0015748 
: .0011811 
: .0007874 
: .0003937 



Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. l«3 

COMPAEISOK OF CENTEIGEADE AND PAHEENHEIT. 



"C. 


°F. 


°c. 


°F. 


°c. 


°F. 


°c. 


°F. 


°c. 


"F. 


-^0 


—40 


1 


30.2 


38 


100.4 


77 


170.6 


116 


240.8" 


39 


38.2 





32 


39 


102.2 


78 


172.4 


117 


242.6 


38 


36.4 


+1 


33.8 


40 


104 


79 


174.2 


118 


244.4 


37 


34.6 


2 


35.6 


41 


105.8 


80 


176 


119 


246.2 


36 


32.8 


3 


37.4 


42 


107.6 


81 


177.8 


120 


248 


35 


.31 


4 


39.2 


43 


109.4 


82 


179.6 


121 


249.8 


34 


29.2 


5 


41 


44 


111.2 


83 


181.4 


122 


251.6 


33 


27.4 


6 


42.8 


45 


113 


84 


183.2 


123 


253.4 


32 


25.6 


7 


44.6 


46 


114.8 


85 


185 


124 


255.2 


31 


23.8 


8 


46.4 


47 


116.6 


86 


186.8 


125 


257 


30 


22 


9 


48.2 


48 


118.4 


87 


188.6 


126 


258.8 


29 


20.2 


10 


50 


49 


120.2 


88 


190.4 


127 


260.6 


28 


18.4 


11 


51.8 


. 50 


122 


89 


192.2 


128 


262.4 


27 


16.6 


12 


53.6 


51 


123.8 


90 


194 


129 


264.2 


26 


14.8 


13 


55.4 


52 


125.6 


91 


195.8 


l30 


266 


25 


13 


14 


57.2 


53 


127.4 


92 


197.6 


131 


267.8 


24 


11.2 


15 


59 


54 


129.2 


93 


199.4 


132 


269.6 


23 


9.4 


16 


60.8 


55 


131 


94- 


201.2 


133 


271.4 


22 


7.6 


17 


62.6 


56 


132.8 


95 


203 


134 


273.2 


21 


5.8 


18 


64.4 


57 


134.6 


96 


204.8 


135 


275 


20 


4 


19 


66.2 


58 


136.4 


97 


206.6 


136 


276.8 


19 


2.2 


20 


68 


59 


138.2 


98 


208.4 


137 


278.6 


18 


0.4 


21 


69.8 


60 


140 


99 


210.2 


138 


280.4 


17 


+1.4 


22 


71.6 


61 


141.8 


100 


212 


139 


282.2 


16 


3.2 


23 


73.4 


62 


143.6 


101 


213.8 


140 


284 


15 


5 


24 


75.2 


63 


145.4 


102 


215.6 


141 


285.8 


14 


6.8 


25 


77 


64 


147.2 


103 


217.4 


142 


287.6 


13 


8.6 


26 


78.8 


65 


149 


104 


219.2 


143 


■ 289.4 


12 


10.4 


27 


80.6 


66 


150.8 


105 


221 


144 


291.2 


11 


12.2 


28 


82.4 


67 


152.6 


106 


222.8 


145 


293 


10 


14 


29 


84.2 


68 


154.4 


107 


224.6 


146 


294.8 


9 


15.8 


30 


86 


69 


156.2 


108 


226.4 


147 


296.6 


8 


17.6 


31 


87.8 


70 


158 


109 


228.2 


148 


298.4 


7 


19.4 


32 


89.6 


71 


159.8 


110 


230 


149 


300.2 


6 


21.2 


33 


91.4 


72 


161.6 


111 


231.8 


150 


302 


5 


23 


34 


93.2 


73 


163.4 


112 


233.6 


151 


303.8 


4 


24.8 


35 


95 


74 


165.2 


113 


235.4 


152 


305.6 


3 


26.6 


36 


■ 96.8 


75 


167 


114 


237.2 


153 


307.4 


2 


28.4 

1 


37 


98.6 

1 


76 


168.8 


115 


239 


154 


309.2 



164 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



°c. 


"F. 


"C 


°F. 


°c. 


"F. 


°c. 


"F. 


"C. 


°F. 


155 


311 


197 


386.6 


239 


462.2 


281 


537.8 


323 


613.4 


156 


312.8 


198 


388.4 


240 


464 


282 


539.6 


324 


615.2 


'157 


314.6 


199 


390.2 


241 


465.8 


283 


541.4 


325 


617 


158 


316.4 


200 


392 


242 


467.6 


284 


543.2 


326 


618.8 


159 


318.2 


201 


393.8 


243 


469.4 


285 


545 


327 


620.6 


160 


320 


202 


395.6 


244 


471.2 


286 


546.8 


328 


622.4 


161 


321.8 


203 


397.4 


245 


473 


287 


548.6 


329 


624.2 


163 


323.6 


204 


399.2 


246 


474.8 


288 


550.4 


330 


626 


163 


325.4 


205 


401 


247 


476.6 


289 


552.2 


331 


627.8 


164 


327.2 


206 


402.8 


248 


478.4 


290 


554 


332 


629.6 


165 


329 


207 


404.6 


249 


480.2 


291 


555.8 


333 


631.4 


166 


330.8 


208 


406.4 


250 


482 


292 


557.6 


334 


633.2 


167 


332.6 


209 


408.2 


251 


483.8 


293 


559.4 


335 . 


635 


168 


334.4 


210 


410 


252 


485.6 


294 


561.2 


336 


636.8 


169 


336.2 


211 


411.8 


253 


487.4 


295 


563 


337 


638.6 


170 


338 


212 


413.6 


254 


489.2 


296 


564.8 


338 


640.4 


171 


339.8 


213 


415.4 


255 


491 


297 


566.6 


339 


642.2 


172 


341.6 


214 


417.2 


256 


492.8 


298 


568.4 


340 


644 


173 


343.4 


215 


419 


257 


494.6 


299 


570.2 


341 


645.8 


174 


345.2 


216 


420.8 


258 


496.4 


300 


572 


342 


647.6 


175 


347 


217 


422.6 


259 


498.2 


1 301 


573.8 


343 


649.4 


176 


348.8 


218 


424.4 


260 


500 


302 


575.6 


344 


651.2 


177 


350.6 


219 


426.2 


261 


501.8 


303 


577.4 


345 


653 


178 


352.4 


220 


428 


262 


503.6 


304 


579.2 


346 


654.8 


179 


354.2 


221 


429.8 


263 


505.4 


305 


581 


347 


656.6 


180 


356 


222 


431.6 


264 


507.2 


306 


582.8' 


348 


658.4 


181 


357.8 


223 


433.4 


265 


509 


307 


584.6 


349 


660.2 


182 


359.6 


224 


435.2 


266 


510.8 


308 


586.4 


350 


662 


183 


361.4 


225 


437 


267 


512.6 


309 


588.2 


351 


663.8 


184 


363.2 


226 


438.8 


268 


514.4 


310 


590 


352 


665.6 


185 


365 


227 


440.6 


269 


516.2 


311 


591.8 


353 


667.4 


186 


366.8 


228 


442.4 


270 


518 


312 


593.6 


354 


669.2 


187 


368.6 


229 


444.2 


271 


519.8 


313 


595.4 


355 


671 


188 


370.4 


230 


446 


272 


521.6 


314 


597.2 


356 


672.8 


189 


372.2 


231 


447.8 


273 


523.4 


315 


599 


357 


674.6 


190 


374 


232 


449.6 


274 


525.2 


316 


600.8 


358 


676.4 


191 


375.8 


233 


451.4 


275 


527 


317 


602.6 


359 


678.2 


192 


377.6 


234 


453.2 


276 


528.8 


318 


604.4 


360 


680 


193 


379.4 


235 


455 


277 


530.6 


319 


606.2 






194 


381.2 


236 


456.8 


278 


532.4 


320 


608 






195 


383 


237 


458.6 


279 


534.2 


321 


609.8 






196 


384.8 


238 


460.4 


280 


536 


322 


611.6 







Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 165 



TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OP THERMOMETER 
READINGS. 

Degrees Centigrade X 1-8 + ->- = degrees Fahrenheit. 

Fahrenheit — 33 , ,,, .. , 

Degrees —r = degrees Centigrade. 

1.8 

_ Reaumer X 9 , „_ t -^ ■, , . , 

Degrees j 1- 32 = degrees Fahrenheit. 

^ (Fahrenheit — 32) 4 ., _ 

Degrees -^^ — = degrees Reaiimor. 

_ Reaumer X 5 , r-t ,- i 

Degrees j = degrees Centigrade. 

„ Centigrade X 4 j d 

Degrees — ■■ ^ = degrees Reaumer. 



CONTENTS OF CISTEENS AND TANKS. 
One Foot High. 4.144 eu. ft. = 1 bbl. 



Diam. 


Cu. Feet. 


Gallons. 


Barrels. 


2 


3.1416 


23.5008 


.758 


21/2 


4.9087 


36.7196 


1.184 


3 


7.0686 


52.917 


1.705 


31/2 


9.6211 


71.92 


2.32 


4 


12.5664 


94.085 


3.032 


41/2 


15.9043 


119.04 


3.837 


5 


19.635 


146.94 


4.738 


51/2 


23.758 


177.63 


5.71 


6 


28.2744 


211.42 


6.822 


61/2 


33.1831 


248.31 


8.01 


7 


38.4846 


287.99 


9.284 


71/2 


44.1787 


330.77 


10.65 


8 


50.265 


376.34 


12.13 


81/2 


56.745 


424.70 


13.70 


9 


63.6174 


476.16 


15.35 ' 


91/2 


70.8823 


530.72 


17.12 


10 


78.54 


588.07 


18.95 


101/2 


86.5903 


647.59 


20.89 


11 


95.0334 


711.45 


22.93 


111/2 


103.8691 


776.86 


25.06 


12 


113.098 


846.61 


27.29 


13 


132.733 


993.86 


32.02 


14 


153.938 


1152.58 


37.14 


15 


176.715 


1323.08 


42.64 


16 


■201.062 


1505.36 


48.51 


17 


226.981 


1699.42 


54.77 


18 


254.47 


1905.26 


61.46 


19 


283.53 


2122.85 


68.48 


20 


314.16 


2352.88 


75.88 


22 


380.134 


2846.11 


91.81 


24 


452.39 


3387.37 


109.11 


25 


490.875 


3675.36 


118.16 



To find contents of a cylinder: 
Multiply diameter b}' itself and then by .7854. This product 
multiplied by the height will give contents in cubic feet. 
To find capacity of casts: 

Add to head diameter % of the difference between head and 
bung diameter. Multiply this product by itself and by the 
length, then by .0034. The result will be in gallons. 



e» 



TANNERS' CHEMICALS 

MANUFACTURED BY 

THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL COMPANY 



MAIN OFFICE 



CLEVELAND, OHIO. 



Hyposulphite Soda 




Grasselli Depilatory 


1 


Sulphide Soda Fused 




Sal Soda 


• 


Sulphide Soda Cry^als 




Sulphate Soda Cry^als 


Glauber's Salt 




Copperas 


Sulphate of Iron 




Tin Cry^als 


1 


Tri-Sodium Phosphate 




Aqua Ammonia 


1 


Bisulphite Soda, 35° 38° 


40° 


Sulphate Zinc 


1 


Sulphuric Acid 




Muriatic Acid 


1 


Acetic Acid 




Nitric Acid 


SAMPLES FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 


1 



Orders or Inquiries Addressed to Any of tlie Points Mentioned 
Below Will Receive Prompt and Careful Attention. 

The Grasselli Chemical Company ! 



MILWAUKEE, WIS. 



CHICAGO, ILL. 



NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., 60 Wall Street 



BIRMINGHAM, ALA. 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 
ST. PAUL, MINN. 



CINCINNATI, O. 
NEW ORLEANS, LA 
DETROIT, MICH. 






SULPHIDE OF SODIUM 

CRYSTALS AND CONCENTRATED 

CHLORIDE OF BARIUM 

RED ARSENIC 

BICHROMATES 

AND OTHER CHEMICALS USED IN TANNING 

We Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. 

NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA 

100 William Street 329 North Clark Street Drexel Building. 62Q 

■ BOSTON CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY 

120 Milk Street 9 East Pearl Street 201 Kemper Building 



For Prompt Delivery and Contracts of 

Formaldehyde 

Address the 

PERTH AMBOY 
CHEMICAL WORKS 



NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA 

100 William Street 329 North Clark Street Drexel Buiidmg. 629 

BOSTON CINCINNATI KANSAS CITY 

120 Milk Street 9 East Pearl Street 201 Kemper Building 



Taitnees" and Chemists' Handbook. 



167 



CONVERSION OF FLUID MEASUEE U. S., INTO CUBIC 
CENTIMETEES. 



Minims. 


c.c. 


Fluid Ounces. 




1 


0.06 


1 


30.00 


2 


0.12 


2 


. 59.14 


3 


0.18 


3 


88.72 


4 


0.24 


4 ^4: piiit 


118.29 


5 


0.30 


5 


147.87 


6 


0.37 


6 


177.44 


-!? 


0.43 


7 


207.00 


8 


0.50 


8 1/2 pint 


' 236.59 


9 


0.55 


9 


266.16 


10 


0.61 


10 


295.73 


11 


0.67 


11 


325.31 


13 


0.74 


12 % pint 


354.88 


13 


0.80 


13 


384.45 


14 


0.86 


14 


414.00 


15 14 drachm 


0.92 


15 


443.06 


IG 


1.00 


16 pint U. S. 


473.11 


17 


1.05 


17 


502.75 


18 


1.12 


18 


532.32 


19 


1.17 


19 


561.90 


20 


1.23 


20 


591.47v 


35 


1.54 


21 


621.04' 


30 % drachm 


1.85 


22 


650.62 


35 


2.15 


23 


680.19 


40 


2.46 


24 


709.76 


45 


2.77 


25 


739.34 


50 


3.08 


26 


768.91 


55 


3.40 


27 


798.50 






28 


828.06 


Fluid Drachms. 




29 


857.63 


1 


3.70 


30 


887.21 


IV4 


4.61 


31 


916.78 


IV2 


5.53 


32 quart U. S. 


946.35 


1% 


6.47 


48 


1419.00 


2 


7.39 


56 


1656.00 


3 


11.09 


64 


1892.00 


4 


15.00 


72 


2128.00 


5 


18.48 


80 


2365.00 


G 


22.18 


96 


2839.00 


7 


25.87 


112 


3312.00 






128 gallon U. S. 


■3785.00 



168 



Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. 



COFVEESIOF OF CUBIC CENTIMETERS INTO FLUID 
MEASURE U. S. 



c.c. 


Fluid Ounces. 


c.c. 


Minims 


1000 


33.81 


25 


405.70 


900 


30.43 


10 


162.30 


800 


27.05 


9 


146.10 


700 


23.67 


8 


129.80 


600 


20.29 


7 


113.60 


500 


16.90 


6 


97.40 


473 


16.00 Pint 


5 


81.10 


400 


13.52 


4 


64.90 


300 


10.14 


3 


48.70 


200 


6.76 


2 


32.50 


100 


3.38 


1 


16.00 


75 


2.53 


0.5 


8.10 


50 


1.69 


0.25 


4.10 


30 


1.00 


0.06 


1.00 



CONVEESION OF AVOIRDUPOIS INTO GRAMS. 



Ounces. 


Grams. 


Pounds. 


Grams. 


1/16 


1.772 


1 


453.590 


Vs 


3.544 


2 


907.180 


1/4 


7.088 


2.2 


1000.000 


1/2 


14.175 


3 


1360.780 


« 1 


28.350 


4 


1814.370 


2 


56.700 


5 


2267.960 


3 


85.049 


6 


2721.550 


4 


113.398 


7 


3175.140 


5 


141.750 


8 


3628.740 


6 


170.070 


9 


4082.330 


7 


198.450 


10 


4535.920 


8 


226.800 


15 


6803.850 


9 


255.150 


20 


9071.840 


10 


283.500 


25 


11339.770 


11 


311.840 


30 


13607.760 


12 


340.190 


35 


15875.690 


13 


368.540 


50 


22679.540 


14 


396.890 


75 


34019.250 


15 


425.240 


100 


45359.00 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



169 



APPEOXIMATE MEASUKEMENTS. 



Teacup 

Wineglass 

Tablespoon 

Dessertspoon 

Teaspoon 

Pail 

Barrel 



= 4 fluid ounces 
= 2 fluid ounces 
= % fluid ounces 
== 2 fluid drachms 
= 1 fluid drachms 
= 3 gallons U. S. 
= 52 gallons 



= 120c.c. 
= 60c.c. 
= 16c. c. 
= See. 

= 4c.c. 
= 11355C.C. 
= 187 liters. 



CONVERSION OP GRAMS INTO OUNCES (Avoirdupois), 



Grams. 


Oz. + 


Grains. 


Grams. 


Oz.+ 


Grains. 


28.35 




. . 


125 


4 


179 


29 




10 


150 


5 


127 


30 




25 


200 


7 


24 


31 




41 


250 


8 


358 


32 




56 


300 


10 


■255 


33 




72 


350 


12 


151 


34 




87 


400 


14 


48 


35 




103 


450 


15 


382 


36 




118 


500 


17 


279 


37 




133 


550 


19 


175 


38 




149 


600 


21 


72 


39 




164 


650 


22 


406 


40 




180 


700 


24 


303 


50 




334 


750 


26 


199 


60 


2 


50 


800 


28 


96 


70* 


2 


205 


850 


29 


430 


80 


2 


360 


900 


31 


326 


85 


3 


. . . 


950 


33 


223 


90 


3 


76 


1000 


35 


120 


100 


3 


230 


1 oz. avoir. 


= 4371/2 grains. 



(f?'0 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



APPEOXIMATE VALUES OF FOEETGN COINS IN 
UNITED STATES MONEY. 



COUNTRY 



Argentine Republic. . . . 

Austria-Hungary 

Belgium 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

British Possessions, N. 
A. (except New- 
foundland) 

Cent. Am. States — 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 1 

. Honduras I 

Nicaragua f 

Salvador I 

Chile ....■.: 



Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 

Silver 

Gold 



China. 



Colombia. 
Cuba. . . . . 
Denmark. 
Ecuador. . 
Egypt.... 



Finland 

France 

German Empire. 
Great Britain. . . 

Greece 

Haiti 

India. . . 

Italy. 

Japan 

Liberia 

Mexico 

Netherlands. . . . . 
Newfoundland. . 

Norway 

Persia 

Peru 

Portugal 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tripoli 



Turkey. . . 
Uruguay. . 
Venezuela. 



STANDARD 



Gold. 
Gold. 



Silver. 

Gold. . 
Silver. 



Silver 

Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold 



Gold 

Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 
Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold 

Silver 

Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold 

Silver 

Silver 

Gold 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 
Silver 



Gold 

Gold 

Gold and Silver. 



MONETARY UNIT 



Peso 

Crown. . . 
Franc .... 
Boliviano. 
Milreis . . . 



Dollar. 
Colon. 



Peso. 



Peso 

( Shanghai. . 

TaeK Haikwan. . 
( (Customs) 

Peso 

Peso 

Crown , 

Peso 

Pound (100 pias- 
ters) 

Mark 

Franc 

Mark 

Pound Sterling. . 

Drachma 

Gourde 

Rupee 

Lira 

Yen 

Dollar 

Dollar 

Florin 

Dollar 

Crown 

Kran 

Sol 

Milreis 

Ruble.... 

Peseta. 

Crown 

Franc 

Mahbub (20 pias- 
ters) 

Piaster 

Peso 

Bolivar 



■= O O u 

• = E -"5 



$0.96.5 
.20.3 
.19.3 
.45.1 
.54.6 



1.00 
.46.5 

.45.1 

.36.5 
.66.6 
.74.2 

.45.1 
.92.6 
.26.8 
.45.1 



.4.94.3 
.19.3 
.19.3 
.28.8 

4.80.61^ 
.10.3 
.96.5 
.32.4 
.19.3 
.49.8 

1.00 
.49 
.40 2 
L01.4 
.26.8 

. .08.3 

' .48.7 
1.08 
.51.5 
.19.3 
.26.8 
.19.3 



.44.3 

.04.4 

1.03.4 

.193 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



171 



JSTUMBEE OF WIEE GAUGES EXPEESSED IN DECIMAL 
PAETS OF AN INCH (Bishop). 



Gauge No. 


B.&S & 
A. W. 

Gauge 


B. W. G. Eng. 

Srandard 

Stubs 


Washburn 
and 
Moen 


Imperial 


Twist Drill 


7.0 






.490 


.500 




6.0 






.460 


.464 




5.0 






.430 


.432 




.4.0 


.460 


.454 


.393 


.400 




3.0 


.40964 


.425 


.362 


.372 




2.0 


.3648 


.380 


.331 


.348 




1.0 


.42486 


.340 


.307 


.324 




1 


.2893 


.300 


.283 


.300 


.228 


2 


.25763 


.284 


.263 


.276 


.221 


3 


.22942 


.259 : 


.244 


.252 


.213 


4 


.20431 


.238 


.225 


.232 


.209 


5 


.18194 


.220 


.207 


.212 


.2055 


6 


.16202 


.203 


.192 


.192 


.204 


7 


.14428 


.180 


.177 


.176 


.201 


8 


.12840 


.165 


.162 


.160 


.199 


9 


.11443 


.148 


.148 


.144 


.196 


10 


.10189 


.134 


.135 


.128 


.1935 


11 


.09074 


.120 


.120 


.116 


.191 


12 


.08081 


.109 


.105 


.104 


.189 


13 


.07196 


.095 


.092 


.092 


.185 


14 


.06408 


.083 


.080 


.080 


.182 


15 


.05707 


.072 


.072 


.072 


.180 


16 


.05082 


.065 


.063 


.064 


.177 


17 


.04525 


.058 


.054 


• .056 


.173 


18' 


.0403 


.049 


.047 


.048 


.1695 


19 


.03589 


.042 


.041 


.040 


.166 


20 


.03196 


.035 


.035 


.036 


.161 


21 


.02846 


.032 ' 


.032 


.032 


.159 


22 


.02535 


.028 


.028 


.028 


.157 


23 


.02257 


.025 


.025 


.024 


.154 


24 


.0201 


.022 


.023 


.022 


.152 


25 


.0179 


.020 


.020 


.020 


.1495 


26 


.01594 


.018 


.018 


.018 


.147 


27 


.01419 


.016 


.017 


.0164 


.144 


28 


.01264 


.014 


.016 


.0148 


.1405 


29 


.01126 


.013 


.015 


.0136 


.136 


30 


.01002 


.012 


.014 


.0124 


.1285 


31 


.00893 


.010 


.0135 


.0116 


.120 



172 



Taistners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



Gauge No. 


B. &S. & B. W. 

A W. Sta 
Gauge S 


G. Eng. 
idard 
ubs 


Washburn 

and Ir 
Moen 


nperial 


Twist Drill 


33 


.00795 .0 


09 


.013 .( 


)108 


.116 


33 


.00708 .0 


08 


.0 


11 .( 


)10 


.113 


34 


.0063 .0 


07 


.0 


1 .( 


)092 


.111 


35 


.00561 .0 


05 


.0 


095 .( 


)084 


.110 


36 


.005 .0 


04 


.0 


09 .( 


)076 


.1065 


37 


.00445 




.0 


085 . .( 


)068 


.104 


38 


.00396 




.0 


08 .( 


)06 


.1015 


39 


.00353 




.0 


075 .( 


)052 


.0995 


40 


.00314 




.0 


07 .( 


)048 


.098 


41 


.00280 i 






i .(. 


)044 


.096 


42 


.00249 






.( 


)04 


.0935 


43 


.00222 


.. 






)036 


.089 


44 


.00197 








)032 


.086 


45 


.00176 








)028 


.082 


46 


.00157 








)024 


.081 


47 


.00139 








)02 


.0785 


48 


.00124 








)016 


.076 


49 


.00110 








)012 


.073 


50 


.00098 








)01 


.070 


51 


.00087 








7 . 


.067 


52 


.00078 










.0635 


53 


.00069 










.0595 


54 


.00062 










.055 


55 


.00055 










.052 


56 


.00049 










.0465 


57 


.00044 










.043 


58 


.00039 










.042 


59 


.00035 










.041 


60 


.00031 










.040 



INFORMATION 

CONCERNING INORGANIC AND 

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 



mPOEMATION^ COT^CEEXTT^G 



Name. 



Aluminum 

Aluminum chloride... 
Aluminum hydrate. . . 



Aluminum oxide. 



Aluminum sulphate . 
Aluminum sulphate 

cryst 

Ammonia 



Ammonia alum 

Ammonia iron alum. . . 

Ammonium bichromate 
Ammonium carbonate 

Normal 

Prim 



Ammonium chloride. . 
Ammonium chrome 
alum 



Ammonium chromate . . 

Ammonium magnesium 
phosphate 

Ammonium nitrate 



Formula. 



Ammonium phosphate. . 
Ammonium sulphate. . . 
Ammonium sulphhydrat 

Ammonia sulpho- 

cyanide 

' Antimony 

Antimonysulphide 
(Orainge) 

Arsenic 

Arsendisulphide (Real- 
gar (Red) . 

Arsenious acid (White 
arsenic) 

Arsenic acid 

Arsenic sulphide 

(Yellow) 

Arsenous sulphide (Yel- 
low) (Orpiment) . .. . 



Al 

ALC1«, 12 Aq. 

AL(OH)e 

ALO3 

ALC 504)3 

Al2(S04)3l8Aq. 
NH3 

AU(S04)3(NH4).S04 

+24 Aq. 
Fe.(S04)3(NH4)2S04 

+24 Aq. 
(NH4)2Cr.07 

(NH4).C0., Aq. 
(NH4)=HC03 

NH4CI 

Cr.(S04)8(NH4)2S04 

+24 Aq. 

(NH4)2Cr04 

Mg(NH4)P04 

6Aq. 

NH4NO3 

(NH4).HP04 
(NH4)-.S04 
(NH4)HS 



NH4CNS 
Sb. 

Sb.Os 

As. 

AS2S3 

As,03 
AS2O5 

AS2S5 

AsoS^. 



Mol. 
Wt. 



27.1 

267 
156 

102 

342 

667 
17 



907.1 

965 
252 

114.2 
79.1 

53.5 



957 
152.3 



245.6 
80.1 

132.2 
132,2 
61.2 



76.2 
120.2 

336.2 

75 

214.1 

198 
230 

310.3 

246.2 



Color. 



White 
Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 

Colorless 

Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 

Violet 
Red 

Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 



Sp. Gr. 



2.58 
9.34 
2.3 

3.75-4.00 

2.59 

1.62 
Gas 0.5896 
Fl. 0.6234 

1.63 

1.712 
2.36 

1.586 
1.586 

1.52 



Blue 


1.736 


Yellow 


1.866 


<v 


1.71 




1.619 


OJ 


1.77 




1.30 
6.715 • 




4.15-4.62 




4.71-5.73 


1 T3 

. 


4.57 
3.70-3.74 









3.46 




2.7 



ITsTOTJGAXrC COMPOUNDS. 






Melting Point. 


Boiling Point. 


Solubility in 100 parts 




Cold Water. 


Hot Water. 


Alcohol. 


Above 660° 

At 300 
= AL03 


183 


Soluble in 
400 

Insoluble 
Insoluble 

36.1 


alkalies and H 
V. S. 

Insoluble 
Insoluble 

89.1 


CI, H,S04 

50 

Sol. acids 

and alk. 

Sol. in 

H2SO. 


• 




107 


1132 


S5 Al. 


—75 


—33.5 


1050 
9 


97 vol. 
100° 
422 


Soluble 
Insoluble 


24Aq. 230° 
Decomposes 

into Cr^.Os 

Decomposes 

at 60° 

Diss. 350° 




14.3 at 20° 

Very soluble 

Soluble 

25 
33/10° 


400/100° 

Very soluble 

Soluble 

73/100° 


Insoluble 

Slightly 

Insoluble 

Insoluble 

12/8° 


Loses 18 Aq. 
at 100° 




Soluble 


Soluble 




Decomposes 
easily 




Very soluble 
.005 


Very soluble 
Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Decomposes 
152° 

140° 


Vol. 


200/15° 

25 
76.1/20° 


Very soluble 

Soluble 
97.8/100° 


67% in 50% 

Insoluble 
Insoluble 


Sublimes 




Soluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


■ 159° 

'430° 
Melts 


170 dec. 
Distills 


122/n° 

Sol. in H.SO4 

Insoluble 


162/20° 
and HCl 
Insoluble 


Soluble 
Sol. NH4SH 


Sub. 450° 




Insoluble 


- Insoluble 




—8 


63 . 








Sub. 218° 


' 


4 
150 


9.6 
Very soluble 


Sol. HCl 
Very soluble 


Melts 


■ ■ About ■■ 
760°- 
-^0 


Insoluble 
■ 5.1 vol. 


Insoluble 
Slightly 


Sol. in alkali 

Slightly in 

alkali 



]76 Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. 

INFOEMATIOF CON'CERNING 



Name. 



Formula. 



Mol. 
Wt. 



Color. 



Barium 

Barium carbonate. . . . 
Barium chloride 

Barium hydroxide. . . . 

Barium nitrate 

Barium sulphate 

Barium sulphide 

Barium sulphohydrate 

Boric acid 

Bromine 

Cadmium 

Cadmium chloride. . . . 

Calcium 

Calcium carbonate. . . . 

Calcium chloride 

Calcium chloride 

Calc'um hydroxide. . . 

Calcium oxide 

Calcium sulphate 

Chlorine 

Chromium 

Chromium chloride. . . 

Chromic chloride 

Chromium hydroxide. 

Chromium oxif'e 

Chromium sulphate. . . 

Copper 

Copper chloride 

Copper nitrate 

Copper oxide (ic) . . . . 
Copper oxide (ous) . . 

Copper sulphate 

Hydrochloric acid. . . . 
Hydrogen 

Hydrogen peroxide. . . 
Hydrogen sulphide. . . 

Iodine 

Iron 

Iron chloride (ic) . . . . 



Ba 

BaCOa 

BaCL — 2Aq. 

Ba(OHK 8 Aq. 

Ba(N03)2 

BaSOi 

BaS 

Ba(SH)2 

H3BO3 

Br 

Cd 

CdCU — 2Aq. 

Ca 
- CaCOs 

CaCU — 6 Aq. 

CaCU 

Ca(0H)2 

CaO 

CaS04, —2 Aq. 

CI 

Cr 

Cr.Cle 

CrCU 

Cr2(OH)„+4Aq. 

Cr203 

CrsCSO*)^— 18Aq. 

Cu 

CuCl. — 2Aq. 

CuCNO.Oa.eAq. 

CuO 

Cu.O 

CuSO* — 5Aq. 

HCl 

H 

H2S 
I 

Fe 
Fe.Cln 



137.4 
197.4 
244.3 

315.6 
261.5 
233.5 

169.5 
203.5 

62 

80 

112.4 
219.3 

40 
100 

219 
110.9 

74 

56 
172.1 

35.5 

52.1 

316.9 

123 

278.3 

152.2 

716.7 

63.6 
170.5 
295.8 

79.6 

143.2 

249.7 

36.46 

1.01 

34 
66.1 

126.85 
56 

324.7 



Yellow 
White 
White 

White 
White 
White 

White 
White 

Brown 
White 
White 
Whitish 
Yellow 
White 

White 
White 
White 
White 

Green 

Gray 



White 
Blue 

Green 

Violet 
Red 

Green 

Black 
Red 
Blue 

Blue 



Black 

Gray 

Brown 



Tannees' and Chemists'' Handbook. 17' 

INOEGANIC COMPOUJSTDS— Continued. 







Solubility in 100 parts 


Melting Point. 


Boiling Point. 
















Cold Water. 


Hot Water. 


Alcohol. 






Decomposes with water. 


795 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 


2 Aq. 




33.4/10° 


60/104° 


Insoluble 


213° 














5/16° 


34/100° 


Slightly ■ 


69» 




5.2/0° 


■ 34.8/102° 


Insoluble 






Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Slightly solu- 
ble in H.SO4 
Insoluble 






Soluble 


Soluble 


Insoluble 


185° 




4 


34 


1—6 


—7.3 


6.3 


3.5 






315 


860 






Sol. in HNO3 






140 


150 


Soluble 


760 






Decomposes 








.0018 


.088 


CO2 containing 
water 


29 


4 Aq. 30° 


400 


650 


Al 13 


719 




63/100° 


320/180° 




. 




.137/15° 


.0075/100° 


Insoluble 


2 Aq. 




Decomposes 






130° 




.205/0° 


.2174/100° 


Insoluble 


—102 


—335 


1 : 2.6 vol. 


1 :1.4/40° 








Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. HCl 
Ins. HNO3 




Subl. 


Insoluble 
Soluble 


Insoluble 
Soluble 


Insoluble 


3 Aq. in vac. 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 






Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 


190 




Slightly 


Slightly 


Insoluble 


1098 




Insoluble 




Sol. in acids 






60 Gr. 


Very soluble 


Soluble 


38 




Very soluble 
Insoluble 


Very soluble 
Insoluble 




Melts 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. in NH4OH 


4 Aq. 100° 




40 


203 


Insoluble 


5 Aq. 240° 


80 


82.5/0° 


56/60 


327 Vol. 


112 


—253 


1.93 vol. 






—257 










fl 


84/68mm 






Sol. in ether 


fl 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 




184 




Slight 


Slight 


Soluble 


1050 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. in acids 


280-285 




Soluble 


Soluble 


Very soluble 



178 Tanxees' axd Chemists" Handbook. 

IFFORMATTOX CON^CEEXTNG 



Name. 


Formula. 


Mol. 
Wt. 


Color. 


Sp. Gr. 


Iron oxide 


Fe.Oa 


160 




5.2-5.8 


Iron nitrate 


Fe.(NO.0«, + 18 Aq. 
Fe2(S04)3,9Aq. 


808 6 




168 


Iron sulphate (ic) 


562.4 


Yellowish 










White 


2-2.1 


Iron sulphate (ous) .... 


FeS04, 7 Aq. 


278.2 


Green 


1.89 


(Green vitriol) 










Iron sulphide 


FeS 


88.1 


Black 


4.84 


Lead 


Pb 
PbCOs 


207.10 
2(i6.9 


White 
White 


1135-1129 


Lead carbonate 


6.46 


Lead chloride 


PbCU 

PbCr04 

Pb(N03)2 


277.8 
323.0 
331 


White 

Yellow 

Colorless 


5 80 


Lead chromate 


6 29 


Lead nitrate 


4.58 


Lead oxide (litharge) . . 


PbO 


2^^7.9 


Yellow 


. 9.29 


Lead sulphate 


PbSOi 


303 




6 '^ 6 38 




Mg 


24 4 


White 


1 743 


Magnesium carbonate. . 


MgCOs 


84.4 


White 


2.9-3.1 


Magnesium chloride. . . . 


MgCU 


203.4 


White 


1.588 


Magnesium oxide 


MgO 


40.4 




3.07-3 65 


Magnesium sulphate. . . 


MgS04, 7 Aq. 


246.6 


White ■ 


1.685 


Manganese 


Mn 


55 


Gray 
Gray 


72 


Manganese dioxide 


Mn02 


87 


4.7-5.02 


Manganese sulphate. . . . 


MnS04, 7 Aq. 


277.2 


Red 


. 2 092 


Mercury 


Hg 


200.3 


White 


13.59 


Mercuric chloride 


HgCU 


271.2 


White 


5.42 


(Corrosive sublimate 










Nitric acid 


HNOa 


63 1 




1 540 - 


Nitrogen 


N 


14 04 




00126 


Nitrous oxide . 


NO 


44 1 








NO 



30 




00135 


Oxygen 


16 




00143 


Potassium. 


K 

K2S04+Al2(S04)3, 

24 Aq. 


30.15 
949 2 


BUie 
Colorless 


31 


Potash alum 


173 










Potassium aluminate. . . 


K.AI..O4 


106.5 


Colorless 




Potassium bichromate. . 


K2Cr...07 


294.5 


Red 


2.69 


Potassium bromide 


KBr 


no.i 


Colorless 


2.'^5 


Potassium carbonate. . . 


K...CO3 


138,3 


Colorless 


2.32 


Potassium bicarbonate. . 


KHCO3 


100 2 


Colorless 


2.3 


Potassium chlorate 


KCO3 


122.6 


Colorless 


232 


Potassium chloride 


KCl 


74.6 


Colorless 


2.7 


Potassium chromate. . . . 


K.Cr04 


194.4 


Yellow 


1.995 


Potassium chrome » 










alum 


K2S04Cr2( 504)3, 
24 Aq. 




Red 


1.83 




999.2 


Red 


1.83 


Potassium cyanide 


KCN 


68.2 


Colorless 


1.54 



Tanjsteks" and Chemists'" Handbook. 179 

INOEGAmC COMPOUNDS— Continued. 







Solubility in 100 parts 


Melting Point. 


Boiling Point. 












Cold Water. 


Hot Water. 


Alcohol. 


177 








Sol. in acids 


47.2 




Soluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 






Soluble 


Hydrolysis 


6 Aq. 140*^ 




60 


333 Insoluble 


7 Aq.-280'' 












Insoluble 


Produces Hl.S with acids. 


327 


1470 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. HNO3 






.00198 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 


485 


960 


.74 


5 


.05 


Melts 




Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. in alk. 






48/10° 


139/100° 


Sol. in alk. 






Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. in alk. 




U,'<- 


Slightly 


Slightly 


Insoluble 


7.50 


1100 


Insoluble 


Sol. in acids 


Sol. in acids 






CO2 containing Aq. 0.1316/5° 






130 


367 _ 


. Al 50_ 


Melts 




.001 


Sol. in acids 


Sol. in acids 


5 Aq. at 15° 




25.8/0° 


71.43 


Soluble 


1900 




Slowly decomposes sol. in acids. 






Insoluble 


With decomposition in acids 


6q 200 




Very 


Very 


Sol in ether 


— 3n..'=;8 


357.25 


0.4 


-^ 


Sol. in alcohol 


230-270 


300 


7 


54 


33 Al 25 ether 


—50 


86 dec. 


Miscible in a 


11 proportions 


Decomposes 


—214 




.02035 :IL 






—99 


—87.9 


1.3 : 1 Vol. 






—167 


—153.5 


1 : 20 Vol. 






—181 




4.1 Vol. 


Insoluble 




62.5 


720 


Decomposes 


Decomposes 




92 


18 Aq. 60° 

24 Aq. red heat 

400 sub. 


9.5 


357 




Melts 




12.4/20° 


94 


Insoluble 


Decomposes 




25/5° 


59/59° 




334 




625 


50 


.83 


1045 


fl 


109 


156 


Insoluble 


334 


Decomposes 


6.25 


50 


. ..83 


Red heat 




50 


60 


Insoluble 


800 


Red heat 


32 


56.6 


•5 


22 Aq. 200° 




20 


50 


Insoluble 


22 Aq. 200" 




20 


50 


Insoluble 


24 Aq. 400° 










Red heat 




Very soluble 


Very soluble 





180 Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. 

INFOEMATION COKCEENING 



Name. 


Formula. 


Mol. 
Wt. 


Color. 


Sp. Gr. 


Potassium hydroxide. . . 


KOH 


56.2 




2.044 


Potassium iodide 


KI 


166 




5.5 


Potassium nitrate 


KNO3 


101.2 


Colorless 


3.39 


Potassium permanganat 


KMnO* 


158.2 


Black 


2.71 


Potassium phosphate, 








■4 


normal 


K3PO4 


174 8 


("'nlnrlp^'? 


•.-J 


Potassium sulphate 


K2SO4 


174.4 


Colorless 


2.648 


Potassium acid sulphate 


KHSO4 


136.2 


Colorless 


2.612 


Potassium sulphide 


KS 


110.4 


Red 


2.13 


Potassium sulphite 










normal 


■ K.SO,„ 2 Aq. 
KHSO3 


194.4 


r*'nlnrlpc:<s 




Potassium sulphite acid. 


120.2 


Colorless 




Potassium sulpho- 








. 


cyanide 


KCNS 


97 3 


Colorless 




Silver 


Ag 


107.88 


White 


10.47 


Silver nitrate 


AgNOs 

Na 


170 


White 


4 35 


Sodium 


23 


White 


.978 


Sodium alum 


AL(S04).,Na2S04, 
24 Aq. 


917 


White 


1.6 










Soi^ium ammonium 










Phosphate 


NH4NaHP04, 


210 


Colorless 


1.55 




+4 Aq. 








Sodium bichromate 


Na^Cr.Ov, 2 Aq. 


298.3 


Red 


2.52/16° 


Sodium borate (borax) . 


Na...B.OT, 10 Aq. 


382.3 


Colorless 


16.9 


Sodium carbonate 


J Na^CO., 10 Aq. 
] Na.CO, 


286.4 
106.1 


Colorless 
Colorless 


1.45 
2.5 


Sodium bicarbonate. . . . 


NaHCOs 


84.1 


Colorless 


2.2 


Sodium chlorate 


NaClOa 


106.5 


Colorless 


2.29 


Sodium chloride (salt) . 


NaCl 


58.5 


Colorless 


2.13 


Sodium chromate 


Na^CrO*, 10 Aq. 


342.4 


Yellow 


2.71/16° 


Sodium hydrate 


NaOH 


40 


Colorless 


2.13 


Sodium hydrosulphide. . 


NaHS + 2 Aq. 


92.2 


Colorless 




Sodium hypochlorite. . . 


NaOCl 


74.5 


Colorless 






NaNOs 


85.1 
206.4 ■ 


Colorless 


2.26 


Sodium penta sulphide. . 


Na.S5 




Sodium permanganate. . 


NaMnO* 


142.1 


Red 




So^'ium phosphate — 










Neu 


Na,P04, 12 Aq. 
NaH..P04 + Aq. 
Na^HPO*, 12 Aq. 


380.4 
138.1 
358.4 


Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 


1.62 


Prim 


2.04 




1.525 


Sodium silicate (water 






Na-Si409 


303.9 
322.4 


Colorless 
Colorless 




Sodium sulphate 


Na.s64, 10 Aq. 


1.48 


Sodium.sulphide 


Na,S, — 9Aq. 


240.3 


Violet 




Sodium sulphite 


Na^SOa + 7 Aq. 


252.3 


Colorless 


1.56 



Taxxetls' xVND Chemists' Handbook. 
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS— Continued. 



181 





Boiling Point. 


Solubility in 100 parts 


Melting Point. 












Cold Water. 


Hot Water. 


Alcohol. 


Red heat 


Sub, 


200 


Very soluble 




623 




120 


200 


14.28 


Decomposes 




25 


200 


Insoluble 


Decomposes 




6.4516 


Very soluble 




« 




Soluble 






Red heat. 
197 


Subl. 
Decomposes 


12.5 

Very 


25 } 
Very \ 


Ins. alcohol 






Very 


Very 


Sol. alcohol 






100 


Very 


Insoluble 






Soluble 


Soluble 
Very 


Insoluble 
Soluble 


960 


Red heat 


Insoluble 


Insoluble 


Sol. in HNO3 


198 


Red heat 


122/0° 


111 


Hot 


95.6 


742 


Decomposes 


Decomposes 




24 Aq. 50° 




110 


Very 








16 


100 


Insoluble 


Aq. 110 and 320 


400 dec. 


Soluble 


163/100° 




Red heat 




6 


200 


Insoluble 


5 Aq. 12.5 


106 


92.8 


539.6 


Insoluble 


849 




21.4 


45 


Insoluble 


Decomposes 




10 


Decomposes 


Insoluble 


302 


Decomposes 


100 


333/120° 


Soluble 


815 


Red heat 


35 


39.5 


. Insoluble 


23 




Soluble 


Soluble 




Below 




60 


210 


Soluble 


Red heat 




Decomposes 
Soluble 




Soluble 


330 




80 


200 


93% Al. .93 






Soluble 


Soluble 


Slightly 


Decomposes 




Very soluble 


Soluble 




80, 11 Aq. 100° 




20 


Soluble 




Dec. 200 




Soluble 


Soluble 


Insoluble 


38 




3 

Soluble 


96 

Soluble 


Insoluble 


7 Aq. 150° 


- 


5/0° 


42.5 


Insoluble 






Soluble 


Sob^ble 


Soluble 


Melts 




25 


100 


Insoluble 



182 Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 

IJ^FORMATIOK CONCEEKING 



Name. 



Sodium bisulphite. . . 
Sodium peroxide. . . . 
Sodium thiosulphate. 

Sulphur 

Sulphur dioxide 

Sulphuric acid 

Titanium 

Titanium dioxide. . . . 

Tin 

Tin chloride 

Zinc 

Zinc chloride 

Zinc oxide 



Formula. 



NaHSOs 

Na.O-. 

Na..S.03 + 5 Aq. 

S 

S0= 

H2SO4 

Ti 

Ti02 

Sn 

SnCl., 2 Aq. 

Zn 

ZnCU 

ZnO 



Mol. 
Wt. 



104.1 
78 

248.3 

32.6 
64.1 
98.1 
47.74 

80.11 

118.5 

225.4 
65.4 

136.3 
81.4 



Color. 



Colorless 
Yellow 

Colorless 
Yellow 

Colorless 
Gray 

White 
White 
White 
White 
White 



Sp. Gr. 



1.48 

1.73 
2.07 
2 23 
3.86/100"= 
3.5 

7.29 
2.71 
6.87 
2.73 
5.61 



INFORMATION CONCERNING 



Name. 


Formula. 


Mol. 
Wt. 


Color. 


Sp. Gr. 


Acetone 


CH3COCH3 

CH3COOH 

C.H3O.NH4 

C^TLO. 

(GH303).Pb + 3Aq. 

(C^HsO^Cu + Aq. 

CH3CO.C5HU 

C.H4 

CoHnOH 

CnH5NH. 

CcHsCOOH 

CTH50=Na, Aq. 

CnHo 
G„H,eO 

CCI4 

CH3CI 

C:H4(CH3)OH 

C;H4(CH3)OH 

GH4(CH3)OH 

CeHtnO.'i 

CoHi^Oc, Aq. 
GH4rNH0. 


58.1 
60 

137 
379 
199.7 
130.1 

26 

88.1 

93.1 
122.1 
144 

78.1 
152.2 
153.8 
119.4 
108.1 
108.1 
108.1 
162.1 
198.1 
121.1 


Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 

Colorless 

Green 

Colorless 

Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 

White 
Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 


792 


Acetic acid 

Acetate of ammonia. . . . 

Acetate of lead 


1.057/15° 


Acetate of copper 

Acetate of amyl 

Acetylene 

Amyl. alcohol, ferm .... 

Aniline 

Benzoic acid 

Benzoate of soda 

Benzol (Benzine) 

Camphor 

Carbontetra chloride. . . 

Chloroform 

Cresol, ortho 

Cresol, meta 

Cresol, para 

Dextrin 

Dextrose 


.857 
.92 
.825 
1.022 
1.21 

.87907 

1.63 
1.52 
1.039 

1.038 
1.56 


Dimethyl aniline 


.955 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 
INOEGAFIC COMPOUNDS— Continued. 



183 



Melting Point. 


Boiling Point. 


Solubility in 100 parts 


Cold Water. 


Hot Water. 


Alcohol. 


48 

114-115 

—79 

fT 

228 

419 
-100 


220 dec. 

448.4 

—8 

100 

Red heat 
606 
980 
730 


Soluble 

69 

Insoluble 

688 V. at 0° 

Miscible 

Insoluble 
Insoluble 

271 
Insoluble 

300 
1 dOOOOO 


Soluble 

Decomposes 

109 

Insoluble 

170/40° 

Miscible 

Very soluble 
Sol. in acids 
Very soluble 


Insoluble 

Decomposes 

Insoluble 

Sol. CS. 

Sol. HCl 

Soluble 
Sol. in acids 
Sol. in acids 



OEGAXIC COMPOUNDS. 







Solubility in 100 parts 


Melting Point. 


Boiling Point. 
















Water. 


Alcohol. 


Ether. 


fl 


56.3 


Miscible 


Miscible 




17 


119 


Miscible 


Soluble 


Soluble 


120 




Soluble 








240 dec. 


1:13 


1 : 7.143 




fl 


148 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 






1—1 


Sol. in amm. 


Cu. Sol. 


fl 


129 


1:39 


Soluble 


Soluble 


—8 


182 


3—100 


Very 


Very 


121.4 


249.2 


1:646 
Very soluble 


Soluble 
Very soluble 


Soluble 


6 


80.36 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


175 


205 


Fats, oils 


Soluble 


Soluble 


fl 


78.1 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


—70 


61 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


31-31.5 


190 


Slightly 


Soluble 


Soluble 


fl 


202.8 


Slightly 


Soluble 


Soluble 


35.5 


201.8 


Slightly 


Soluble 


Soluble 






Soluble 


Ins. abs. 


Alcohol 


62 




Soluble 






0.5 


192 




Soluble 





184 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

INFOEMATIOK COXCEENING 



Name. 


Formula. 


Mol 
Wt. 


Color. 


Sp. Gr. 


Eosin 

Formaldehyde 


C20H8Br406 

HCHO 

GoH,9N3HCl 

GH2(OH)3CO.H, 

+ Aq. 

C3H.(OH)3 

GeHiiOe 
FeCGeHieN.OOa 

GcHh06 — 3Aq. 

GeHioN20..(S03K)2 

CHT3 

CH3CHOHCO2H 

CH3OH 

GcHis 

GoHtOH 

GoHuN^ 

CnH33CGH 

CGHCO.H, + 2Aq. 

G.04(NH4)2 

G04(CA) 

GO4K2 + Aq. 

C3H5(OG„H3,0)3 

G5H.,C0.H 

GH4(OH)2 

C1SH34O3 

C3H.(OG.H.,»0)3 
G7H3r,C00H 

GiHioOg 

CC14 

CeHsCHs 


647.9 
30 

337.8 
188.1 

92.1 
300.1 
692.2 
356.2 
488.6 
393.6 

90.1 

32 

128.1 
144.1 
162.2 
282.3 
126.1 
124.2 
124.2 

166.3 
807 
256.3 
110 
298.3 

891.1 

284 

322.1 

153.8 
92.1 


Green-violet 

Dark 
Brown fl'ks 

Blue 

Yellow 

Colorless 

Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 

Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 
Colorless 

Colorless 

Colorless 

White 

Colorless 


1.6 


Fuchsin 

Gallic acid 


1.220 
1.70/4° 


Glycerin 


1.27/100° 


Hematein 

Hematin 




Hematoxylin 

Indigo-carmine 

Iodoform 


4 09 


Lactic acid 


1.24/20° 


Methyl alcohol 


.798/0° 
1 145 


Naphthalin 


Naphthol 


1217 


Nicotin. 

Oleic acid 

Oxalic acid 


1.014/15° 
1036 


Oxalate, ammonia 

Oxalate, calcium 

Oxalate potassium 

Palmatin 


1.68 


Palmitic acid 




Resorcin 




Ricinoleic acid 




Stearin 


1 010/45° 


Stearic acid 




Tannin 




Tetrachloride of carbon. 
Toluol 


1.63 
1.046 







Tanners' AND Chemists' Handbook. 185 

OKGANIC COMPOUNDS. 





Boiling Point. 


Solubility in 100 parts 


Melting Point. 












Water. 


Alcohol. 


Ether. 




—21 


Soluble 
Slightly 


Soluble 
Soluble 




222 




Hot water 


Soluble 


Soluble 


17 


290 


Soluble 


Soluble 


Insoluble 






Soluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


205 dec. 




Insoluble Insoluble 


Insoluble 






Soluble i Soluble 


Soluble 






1:140 


Insoluble 




119 


Sublimes 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 






Misc. 


Misc. 


Misc. 


66-67° 




Misc. 


Misc. 


Misc. 


79-80 


218.2 


Insoluble 


100 : 5.92/15° 


Slightly 


122 


285-286 


Hot water 


Soluble 


Soluble 


fl 


250 dec. 


Soluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


14 




Insoluble 


Soluble 




98 




1:9 


Soluble 


Soluble 






Soluble 




(°C) 


(°C) 


Soluble 






180 




Soluble 






615 




Insoluble 


Slightly 


Slightly 


42 




Insoluble 


Soluble 


Soluble 


17 










55-71.6 




Insoluble 


Hot 


Hot 


Decomposes 




Soluble 


Slightly 


Slightly 


fl 


78.1 


Insoluble 


Soluble 


. Soluble 


45 


198 


Slightly 


Slightly 


Soluble 



186 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

FAT LIQUOR FOR CHROME (Eitner), 

10 lbs. soap chips dissolved in boiling water. 
4 gallons nealsfoot oil. 
10 lbs. egg 3'olk. 

15 lbs. olive oil soap. 
4^ lbs. olive oil. 

10 lbs. Olive oil soap. 
15 lbs. castor oil. 

3 lbs. castor oil soap. 
2^ lbs. glycerine. 

1^ lbs. castor oil. 
10 pints boiling water. 

4 lbs. potash soap in 

1 gallon boiling water; then add 
1^ lbs. neutral degras. 
f lb. sal soda dissolved with the soap. 



FAT LIQUORS. 

331/3 lbs. sod oil. 
331/3 lbs. cod oil. 
331/3 lbs. 50% Turkey red oil. 

For Black Chrome Stock (500 lbs. Tanned Shaved Weight) 

30 gallons water. 30 gallons water. 

10 lbs. monopol soap. 7-2 lbs. monopol Foap. 

5 lbs. neatsfoot oil. 74 lbs. neatsfoot oil. 

i lb. borax. 3 oz. borax. 

For Colored Chrome Leather (500 lbs. Tanned Shaved Weight). 

^0 gallons water. 30 gallons water. 

12f lbs. monopol soap. 7| lbs. monopol soap. 

15 lbs. egg yolk. -2^ lbs. neatsfoot oil. 

i lb. borax. 



FAT LIQUORS (Lamb). 
Chrome Kid. Chrome Calf. 

1 gallon neatsfoot oil. 1 gallon castor oil. 
3^ lbs. fig soap. H lbs. fig soap. 

2 lbs. egg yolk. ^ lb. egg yolk. 



g?t.WALTON COM PAN Y 

319 WALNUT STREET ,.^ 
PHILADELPHIA 



1 ANU FACTORERS 
BBELRS IMPORTERS 
ii,NO EXPORTERS 




AND REFINERS 

M GRADE 

Neatsfoot Oils 

WORKS 
ODOX ST £ DELAV/ARE RIVER 
P H I LA D E L P H I A s 



Specialists in 

OILS and SOAPS 

for the 

CHROME TANNAGE 



STOCK CARRIED IN 

HAMBURG, ANTWERP, LONDON, PARIS, MARSEILLES 

AND GENOA 



EUROPEAN REPRESENTATIVE 

FRANCIS LEE COOPER 

HOTEL REGINA 
PARIS, FRANCE 



IT HAS BEEN PROVED 

Through Years of Experience by 
the Be^ Tanners in the World 

that TANOLIN the famous "one bath" Chrome 
Tanning Extrad: is the be^, the mo^ effi- 
cient and the cheapen material to use in the 
production of Chrome leather. 

that EMULSOL is the be^ fat-liquor for 
Chrome leather, being always uniform in 
characfter and quality, penetrating the 
leather perfectly, and giving the greater 
degree of softness and strength with the 
minimum quantity of material. 

that PUERINE is the mo^ successful sub^itute 
for manure bating ever introduced to tan- 
ners. In fad: no tanner who has once used 
Puerine can be induced to go back to the 
old way. 

that KROMOID, the original filler for Chrome 
tanned sole leather, has met every te^ ap- 
plied by the makers and wearers of shoes, 
and is conceded to have solved the problem 
of the produdion of a hard, durable, water- 
proof, Chrome leather sole for men's, 
women's and children's shoes. 

that ALL THE CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES 

for tanners' use, manufadured by the MAR- 
TIN DENNIS COMPANY are ^andardized and 
dependable, so that in using these materials 
the tanner can rely upon obtaining the 

Best Results at Lowest Cost! 

Correspondence Solicited Not Only in the English, But Also in the 
German, French and Spanish Languages 

THE MARTIN DENNIS COMPANY 

859 SUMMER AVENUE NEWARK, N. J., U. S A. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



187 



Chrome Kip Sides (dull). 

1^ gallon neatsfoot oil. 
-| gallon sod oil. 
2 oz. sal soda. 
6 lbs. fig soap. 

Combination Chromo. 

1-| gallons castor oil. 
1 IJj. vaseline. 
5 lbs. fig soap, 
ilb. egg yolk. 



Chrome Kip Sidefo. 

1-| gallon castor oil. 
5 lbs. fig soap. 
-J lb. egg yolk. 



Vegetable Tanned Calf (Etc.). 

2 gallons sod oil. 
6 lbs. fig soap. 
1 lb. egg yolk. 



SEASOFIKG EECIPES (Lamb). 
1. Colored Goods (Glazed). 



8 oz. egg albumin. 

5 pints milk. 

Water to make 5 gallons. 

Dissolve albumin in cold water. 



10 oz. casein. 
•J oz. boras. 
3 pints milk. 
Water to make 5 gallons. 



II. 

Dissolve casein in 3 gal. water to 
which borax is added ; boil ; add milk 
and balance of water. 



10 oz. logwood extract. 

4 oz. copperas. 
3 pints milk. 

5 pints blood. 
5 gallons water. 



5 oz. nigrosine. 
3 pints milk. 
5 pints blood. 
5 gallons water. 



BLACKS (Glazed). 

Dissolve logwood extract in boil- 
ing water; dilute to 3 gallons with 
cold water; add copperas dissolved 
in cold water. Finally add blood 
and milk and make up to 5 gallons. 

11. 

Dissolve nigrosine in boiling 
water^ then cool with 2 gallons 
water. Add blood and milk and 
make up to 5 gallons with cold 
water. 



188 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



HI. 



10 oz. linseed meal or Irish moss. 
2 pints milk. 
5 oz. exg albumin. 
5 gallons water. 



Boil linseed or moss in 1 
gallon water for three-quarters 
hour, then allow to cool and 
strain through cotton. Dissolve 
egg albumin in cold water. 
Mix above and add milk and 
make up to 5 gallons with cold 
water. 



SHELLAC FINISH. 



6 oz. orange shellac. 

I oz. Venice turpentine. 

I oz. glycerine. 
3 pints methylated spirit 

or 
3 pints denatured alcohol No. 3. 



Place ingredients in a stop- 
pered bottle. Let stand for 24 
hours until dissolved. Shake 
now and then. 



PLAIN FINISHES FOE POLLING. 



16 oz. Linseed meal or Irish moss. 
2^ pints milk. 
5 gallons water. 



Boil linseed or moss % 
hour in 1 gallon water; 
strain; cool, and add milk. 
Make up to 5 gallons with 
water. 



10 oz. Isinglass or gelatine. 
21 pints milk. 
5 gallons water. 



II. 

Soak isinglass or gelatine over 
night in 1 gallon cold water. Heat 
next day on steam bath until dis- 
solved. Cool; add milk. Make up 
to 5 gallons, with cold water. 



WAX FINISH FOR BEUSHINC. 



gallon water 



10 oz. carnauba or beeswax, Boil mixtiire in 1 
10 oz. wliite tallow soap. until dissolved. Stir during cooling. 
3 oz. glycerine. Add sufficient water to make one 

gallon. 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 189 

SCAE PASTE. 

4 oz. extract of logwood. ^ oz. copperas. 

■J oz. bichromate of soda. 1 lb. frozen glue. 

I oz. carbonate of potash. 1^ gallon water. 

Dissolve each separately and mix in the order as above. 



LOGWOOD STEIKER (Atteanx). 

6 115s. copperas. 1 pint nitrate of iron (real) 

2 lbs. blue stone. 50 gallons water. 



EGG YOLK SUBSTITUTE. 

Dissolve 

17 oz. caseine in 15 oz. water with 

1 oz. borax, then dissolve 
25 oz. dextrine in as little water as possible. 
Add caseine solution to dextrine and stir in 
17 oz. olive oil. 



SHOE AND LEATHEE POLISHES.* 

1 Carnauba wax-. 5 pts. by wt. 

Paraffin. 5 pts. by wt. 

Oil of turpentine 35 pts. by wt. 

Mgrosine (oil black) 3% 

3 Ceresine 10 pts. by wt. 

Carnauba wax 35 pts. by wt. 

Japan wax 7 pts. by wt. 

Rosin 10 pts. by wt. 

Oil of turpentine 120 pts. by wt. 

Black, brown or yellow coal tar, oil soluble 3% 

3 Ceresine 3.6 pts. 

Japan wax 1.0 pts. 

Wool fat 0.5 pts. 

Carnauba wax 0.4 pts. 

Oil black 0.2 pts. 

Lampblack 0.3 pts. 

Oil of turpentine 15.0 pts 



190 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbooe. 

4 Ceresine 4 pts. 

Paraffin 0.5 pts. 

Yellow beeswax 0.5 pts. 

Eosin 0.5 pts. 

Oil black . 0.2 pts. 

Lampblack 0.3 pts. 

Oil of turpentine 15.0 pts. 

5 Carnauba wax 9.4 pts. 

Paraffin 9.4 pts. 

Oil of turpentine 37.6 pts. 

Benzine - 37.5 pts. 

Black coal tar dye 6.0 pts. 

6 Carnauba wax .8.6 pts. 

Paraffin. 8.6 pts. 

Japan wax 8.6 pts. 

Oil of turpentine 68.5 pts. 

Black coal tar dye 5.6 pts. 

Sol. in oil 

7 Carnauba wax 7.3 

Paraffin wax 10.0 

Eosin 7.3 

Colophony 3.6 

Oil of turpentine .- 65.7 

Black coal tar dye, oil soluble 4.7 

8 Carnauba wax 5.8 

Paraffin , . .5.8 

Spermaceti 11.6 

Oil of turpentine 6.7 

Black coal tar dye, oil soluble 6.9 

*Gregorius Mineral Waxes. 



INSTANTANEOUS BLACK STAIN FOE TANNEES. 

Ceresine 9 pts. by wt. 

Crude wool fat 22.5 pts. 

Tallow 10 pts. 

Commercial olein 23.5 pts. 

Vaseline 70 pts. 

Nigrosine, oil soluble 15 pts. 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 191 

ARTIFICIAL BEESWAX.* 

Paraffin , 35 pts. by weight. 

Japan wax 25 pts. by weight. 

Carnauba wax .• 15 pts. by weight. 

Eosin 20 pts. by weight. 

Tallow 5 pts. by weight. 

Paraffin 35 pts. by weight. 

Japan wax 25 pts. by weight. 

Carnauba wax 15 pts. by weight. 

Eosin 20 pts. by weight. 

Tallow 5 pts. by weight. 

Paraffin 55 pts. by weight. 

Japan wax ,25 pts. by weight. 

Carnauba wax 25 pts by weight. 

Tallow 5 pts. by weight. 



Gregorius Mineral Waxes. 



CAENAUBA WAX SUBSTITUTE. 

I. II. 

Paraffin 25 pts. by weight. ISTone. 

Ceresine 4 pts. by weight. jSTone. 

Eosin 6 pts. by weight. 3.5 pts. 

Carnauba wax 8 pts. by weight. 4.5 pts. 

Mineral wax 8 pts. by weight. 15.0 pts. 

Yellow beeswax 7.5 pts. 



CAEFAUBA WAX SUBSTITUTE FOE USE WITH OIL 
. OF TUEPENTINE. 

Paraffin 18 pts. by weight. 

Ceresine 3 pts. by weight. 

Eosin 4.5 pts. by weight. 

Carnauba wax 6 pts. by weight. 

Mineral wax . : 6 pts. by weight. 



192 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SAPOmFIABLE SUBSTITUTE FOE CAENAUBA WAX. 

Mineral wax 18 pts. by weight. 

Yellow beeswax 7.5 pts. by weight. 

Carnauba wax 4.5 pts. by weight. 

Eosin 3 pts. by weight. 



WATEEPEOOFING LEATHEE ( YiUon) . 

To a solution of 100 parts of tallow soap in 1000 parts of 
boiling water, a boiling solution of alum is added. The pre- 
cipitate is allowed to settle and the liquid decanted off. After 
being washed with boiling water the aluminum soap is dried 
and dissolved in benzine or coal naphtha. The solution is spread 
thinly over the surface of the leather where it sets to a hard, 
elastic impermeable cement. 



HAENESS PEESEEVATIYE. 

Mutton Tallow 1.5 

Beeswax 5 

Oil Turpentine 5 



WEITING INK. 

1. 

Dissolve 

23.4 g. Tannic acid. 
7.7 g. Gallic acid in luke warm water and 

Add 

10 g. Gum- arable previously dissolved in water. 

Then add 

2.5 g. Hydrochloric acid sp. gr. 1.20. 

Then add 

30 g. Copperas previously dissolved in water. 

1 g. Carbolic acid 90%. Shake well and make up to one quart 
or liter. Allow to settle for 4 days at. 50-69°F. Decant from 
precipitate formed and color with a sufficient quantity of liquid 
logwood extract. 



Tanners' and Chemists^ Handbook. 193 

II. 

Dissolve 

15 g. Logwood extract (liquid) in 
900c.c. water. Filter and add 

15 g. sal soda previously dissolved in water, and add drop by 
drop with constant stirring 

1 g. ehromate of potash dissolved in 
lOOc.c. water and 

1 g. Carbolic acid 90%. 
- To make copjdng inks add glycerine to the above formulas. 

TWO-SOLUTION INK LEASER. 

The first solution contains — 

Citric acid 2 av. ozs. 

Water .16 fl. ozs. 

Saturated aqueous solution of borax 4 fl. ozs. 

While the second solution is composed of the following 
ingredients — 

Chlorinated lime 6 av. ozs. 

Water 16 fl. ozs. 

Saturated aqueous solution of borax 4 fl. ozs. 

Mix the lime and the water, shake well, set aside for a week 
in a well stoppered bottle, decant the clear liquid and add the 
borax solution. 

CEMENTS. 

Litharge Cement. 
Mix finely powdered litharge with linseed oil. 

Eed Lead Cement. 
Mix finely powdered red lead with linseed oil. 

Cement for Wash Basins. 

Finely powdered glass 2 parts 

Finely powdered litharge 2 parts 

Linseed oil , . 1 part 

Heat linseed oil slightly, add gradually the glass and 
litharge, mix well and apply. Do not use basin for several days. 



194 Tannees'' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Zinc Oxide Cement. 

Cnm mastic 2 parts 

Gum Dammar 4 parts 

Gum sandarac 6 parts 

Venice turpentine 8 parts 

Turpentine 10 parts 

Benzol or solvent naphtha 12 parts 

Zinc white 14 parts 

Dissolve gums in turpentine, with the aid of a gentle heat 
add Venice turpentine and when dissolved, stir into same the 
zinc white and mix thoroughly. When cool, dilute with the 
benzol or solvent naphtha. 

Oil Cement for Glass. 

Litharge 30 parts 

Burnt lime 20 parts 

Pipe clay .• 10 parts 

Linseed oil 6 parts 

Varnish (j parts 

Oil Cement for Steam Pipes. 

Litharge 25 paris 

Air slacked lime 10 parts 

Quartz sand 10 parts 

Linseed oil 25 parts 

Mix quickly while hot and apply hot. Coat defective places 
with linseed varnish before applying. 

Waterproof Cement. 

Linseed oil 8 parts 

Litharge 12 parts 

Burnt lime 88 parts 

Boil the oil and litharge for one-half hour, then stir lime 
into the hot mass. Use hot. For better adhesion, coat surface 
of stone with linseed varnish before applying. 

Metal Cement. 

Litharge 30 parts 

Air slacked lime .• . 10 parts 

Whiting 20 parts 

Graphite 100 parts 

Linseed oil 40 parts 

Apply hot. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 195 

Cement for Glass. 

Shellac ^ . . . SO parts 

Elemi 5 parts 

Turpentine 10 parts 

Melt together. 

Cement for Glass Upon Glass. 

Shellac 10 partt, 

Tnjpentine 2 parts 

Powdered pumice stone 10 parts 

Melt and stir in the pumice stone. 

Cement for Glass Upon Metal. 

Eosin 40 parts 

Eouge : 20 parts 

Wax 10 parts 

Turpentine 10 parts 

Apply hot. 

Cement for "Wooden Vessels. 

Melt together — 

Eosin 60 parts 

Asphalt 20 parts 

Brick dust 40 parts 

Use hot. 

This cement resists the action of lye^ quicklime^ sulphuric 
and hydrochloric acids. 

Eubber Cement. 

Melt together — 

Eubber 125 parts 

Eosin 60 parts 

Linseed oil 60 parts 

Shellac 30 parts 

Eubber Cement. 

Melt together — 

Eubber 70 parts 

Spermaceti 25 parts 

Vaseline 5 parts 



196 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

Cement for Leather. 

Gutta percha 100 parts 

Pitch or asphalt 100 parts 

Turpentine 15 parts 

Cement for Leather. 

Dissolve — 

Gutta Percha ■ 10 parts 

Benzine 100 parts 

And mix with 
Linseed varnish 100 parts 

Caseine Cement. 

Mix— 

Caseine powder 200 parts 

Burnt lime 40 parts 

Camphor 1 part 

Keep powder mixture dry. When ready for use mix with 
water and use at once. 

Caseine Cement. 

Dissolve — 
Caseine 10 parts 

In— 
Waterglass sol 60 parts 

Apply quickly and dry in air. 

Waterglass Cement. 

Stir quickly together — 

Glass meal 10 parts 

Fluorspar powder 20 parts 

Waterglass solution 60 parts 

Apply at once. 

Waterglass Cement. 
Mix- 
Portland cement 12 parts 

Slacked lime 6 parts 

Fine sand 6 parts 

Inf usiorial earth 1 part 

With waterglass solution sufficient. 



GEISENHEIMER & C OMPANY 

181-189 Front Street, NEW YORK, N. Y. 

Sole Agents for the United States and Canada 
for the Products of 

Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, Oehler Works 



Aniline Colors Specially Adapted for 

LEATHER DYEING 

HEMATINE BICHROMATES CHEMICALS 



■Branches Agents: 

ATLANTA BOSTON CHICAGO— LOUIS WEIDNER. 161 Randolph Street 

PHILADELPHIA . MILWAUKEE -H. F. W. JANOWSKI, P. O. Box, 664 



Barkometers, Thermometers, Etc. 
for Laboratory and Tannery 

Chemical Laboratory Glassware and 
Apparatus of Every Description 



Bulletin No. 19 Lists 

''Tannery Laboratory Apparatus'' 

Bulletin No. 41 contains 

Official Methods of Analysis 

American Leather Chemists' Association 



CARBONDALE INSTRUMENT COMPANY 

CARBONDALE, PA. 



MOELLON 

DEGRAS 



Superior Quality 

for 

Chrome and 

BarkTanned 

Stock 



Otto Hann & Bro. 

269 Water Street, New York City 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 197 

Lime Cement. 

Litharge 30 parts 

Quick lime 20 parts 

Linseed oil varnish •. 5 parts 



Gypsum Cement. 

Plaster of paris 50 parts 

Qjiick lime 10 parts 

White of egg 20 parts 

Use at once. 



Iron Cement. 

Clay 10 parts 

Iron filings 5 parts 

Vinegar . 2 parts 

Water 3 parts 



Iron Cement. 

Iron filings , 100 parts 

Sal ammoniac 2 parts 

Water 10 parts 



Laboratory Cement. 

Melt together — 

Wax 1 part 

Shellac 3 parts 

Gutta percha . 2 parts 



Starch Paste. 

Starch . 3 parts 

Sugar . 1 part 

Mixed with 

Gum arable 4 parts 

Water lo parts 

and heated on steam bath until dissolved. 



198 Tanisters'' and Chemists'' Handbook. 

Antifriction Metal. 
Starch Paste. 

Starch 10 parts 

Water 10 parts 

Eye flour 2 parts 

Mixed and 

Water (hot) 100-150 parts 

poured upon same mixed thoroughly. 

Carbolic acid 1 part 

add as a preservative. 

Anti-Friction Metal. 

Tin 50 Tin 82 Tin 5 

Antimony 4 Antimony 11 Antimony 15 

Copper 1 Copper 5 Lead 80 

Lead 1 

Pewter. 



Tin . 
Lead 




4 Tin 

1 Antimony 


6 Tin 

1 Copper . . . . 


...81.2 

... 5.7 




Zinc 


...16 




Tin Solder 


— ^For Tin, Zinc, Lead and Tin Plate 


. 


Tin.. 
Tin.. 
Tin.. 
Tin. . 
Tin.. 


100 

100 

100 

100 

100 


Lead 150 

Lead 100 

Lead 60 

Lead 50 

Lead 40 


M. P 

M. P 

M. P 

M. P 

M. P 


.223°C. 
.200°C. 
.190°C. 
.185°C. 
.181°C. 




SOFT SOLDER— For Zinc, Copper and Brass. 




Tin. . 


10 


Lead. 20 

Expanding Metal 


M. P 


.240°C. 



Lead 9 

Antimony 2 

Bismuth 1 

White Metal. 

Lead 69.94 

Antimony 18.70 

Tin 10.83 

Copper 52 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 199 

ALLOYS. 

Brass. 

Copper 70 Copper 70 

Zinc 30 Zinc 30 

Lead 1 



Eed Brass. 

dopper 85 

Zinc 15 



White Brass. 

Copper .• 55 

Zinc 45 



Aluminum Brass. 

Copper 60 

Zinc 30 

Aluminum 2 



Delta Metal (Takes High Polish). 

Copper 54-56 

Zinc 40-42 

Lead 7-1.8 

Iron ■ .9-1.2 

Manganese 8-1.4 



Bell Metal. 

Copper 22 

Tin 78 



German Silver. 

Copper 50-66 

Zinc 31-19 

Mckel 19.1-11 



200 Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 

PEESEEVATIVE PAINTS.* 

Ceresine 4 pts. by wt. (Borott's) . 

Beef or mutton tallow 32 pts. 

Resin 6 pts. 

Powdered glass 4 pts. 

White arsenic 1 pts. 

Boiled oil 4 pts. 

For use on casks, timbers or beams embedded in damp 
earth- or water. Label "Poison.^' 

PAEAPPIN PAINT FOE WALLS.* 

Apply the following mixture warm to walls slightly heated : 
Solution of 1 part paraffin in 3-3 parts hea^y coal tar oil. 

PAEAFFIN COMPOSITION FOE COATING lEON.* 

Twenty-six parts of paraffin are dissolved in 80 parts of 
crude petroleum and then incorporated with a mixture of 40 
parts of linseed oil, 20 parts of flowers of sulphur and 36 parts 
of pine resin. 

PEESEEYATIYE COMPOSITION FOE SOLE LEATHEE. 

Melt 10 parts of paraffin in an iron pan and stir in 10 parts 
of linseed oil. Dilute with 2 parts of oil of turpentine. Apply 
warm. 

PAEAFFIN LEATHEE GEEASE.* 

One hundred parts of paraffin are melted in an enameled 
pan and stirred up with an equal quantity of thick vaseline oil, 
sp. gr. .900, followed by 10-15 parts of train oil. Place material 
to be treated in a warm room, and then lay in the mixture. 

PAEAFFIN AND BLACKLEAD STOVE POLISH.* 

Paraffin 120 parts by weight. 

Japan wax 100 parts by weight. 

Oil of turpentine 1000 parts by weight. 

Lampblack 130 parts by weight. 

Finest levicated graphite 100 parts by weight. 

*Gregorius "Mineral Waxes." 



Tanners'' and Chemists' Handbook. 20 1 

ELASTIC VARNISH. 

Venice turpentine 50 lbs. 

Rosin 35 lbs. 

Mastic 25 lbs. 

Linseed oil 30 lbs. 

Spirits of turpentine 270 lbs. 

Rosin Varnish. 

Rosin 100 lbs. 

Gum dammar , 100 lbs. 

Boiled linseed oil 50 lbs. 

jSTaphtha 180 pints. 

Rosin 100 lbs. 

Linseed oil 30 lbs. 

Spirits of turpentine 180 pints. 



Mastic Varnish. 

Gum mastic 1 lb. 

Poppyseed oil 9 pints. 

Spirits of turpentine q. s. 

Dammar Varnish. 

Gum dammar 100 lbs. 

Boiled linseed oil .■ 85 pints. 

Spirits of turpentine 300 pints. 

Celluloid Varnish. 

Celluloid 10 lbs. 

Amylacetate 30 pints. 

Acetone 30 pints. 

Ether 30 pints. 

Camphor 4 lbs. 

Gutta Percha Varnish. 

Gutta percha 1 lb. 

Linseed oil 9-12 pints. 

Dissolve on water bath and filter through linen. 



202 Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook, 

Enbber Varnish. 

Linseed oil 15 pints. 

Caoutchouc 5 lbs. 

Carbon disulphide 2^ lbs. 

Spirits turpentine 5 pints. 

Eubber is cut into small pieces and digested on steam bath 
with carbon disulphide on reflux cooler and dissolved. The 
heated linseed oil added and thinned down with the turpentine. 

Pitch Varnish. 

Coal tar pitch 1 lb. or 100 lbs. 

Linseed oil' 8 pints 50 pints 

Spirits of turpentine 5 pints 150 pints. 

Asphaltum Varnish. 

Asphaltum 1 lb. 

Linseed oil 25 pints. 

Spirits of turpentine 20 pints. 

Asphaltum 1 lb. 

Boiled linseed oil 3-6 pints. 

Spirits of turpentine 2-4 pints. 

Sandarach Varnish. 

Gum sandarach 5 lbs. 

Venice turpentine 3 lbs. 

Denatured alcohol No. 3 If gallon. 

Sandarach 5 lbs. 

Venice turpentine 5 lbs. 

Alcohol 95% 24 pints. 

Shellac Varnish. 

1 Orange shellac 8 lbs. 

Sandarach 5 lbs. 

Denatured alcohol Ko. 3 4^ gallons. 

2 Bleached shellac : 10 lbs. 

Venice turpentine 5 lbs. 

Methylated spirit or denatured alcohol Fo. 3 4| gallons. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 203 

3 Shellac 1 lb. 

Alcohol 96% 5 pints. 

Sandarach 1 lb. 

4 Shellac 1 lb. 

Alcohol 96% : . . 5 pin-ts. 

Venice turpentine 1 lb. 

TO CLEAN TOOLS. 

After rust has formed on the instruments, various processes 
for its removal have been advocated, some of which are here 
given : 

I. . 

Make a mixture of 1 part of lactic acid and 2 parts of oil 
of lavender, and rub it on the rust spots with a woolen cloth or 
tissue paper. On the following day the rust may be removed 
entirely, it is said, with the aid of a little of the oil. 

II. 

Place the instruments over night in a saturated solution 
of tin (or zinc) chloride, when the rust will disappear through 
reduction. On removing the instruments they are to be rinsed 
with clear water, placed in a hot soda and soap solution, and 
dried. It is also advantageous to polish with 96 per cent, alcohol 
and chalk. 

III. 

If the rust is newly formed, so that there is no corrosion, 
rub over the spot a cork which has been dipped in oil; this will 
clean and brighten it without scratching. For older specimens, 
apply a mixture of fine tripoli and sulphur, made into a paste 
with olive oil, and wipe off after a while with a piece of soft 
leather. 

IV. 

Dissolve 100 grammes of tin chloride in 1 liter of water ; 
this solution is added to one containing 2.5 grammes of tartaric 
acid dissolved in 1 liter of water, and the mixture is applied to 
the rusted instruments by means of a brush. After remaining 
on the rust spots for a few seconds, it is rubbed off with a moist 
cloth, and the rubbing is continued with a dry cloth. The polish 
of the steel may be restored by rubbing with jewelers' rouge. 



204 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SILYEE PLATING PASTE. 

For giving a silver coat to metallic objects, rub them with a 
paste made of 

Silver nitrate 36 grains. 

Potassium cyanide 1 dram. 

Precipitated chalk 100 grains. 

Potassium bitartrate 5 grains. 

Water enough. 

Dissolve the silver and potassium salts separately in a mini- 
mum of water; mix them and add to the chalk and cream of 
tartar, and make into a paste with water. 



HAISTD CLEAFIFG POWDER (Poregger). 

Powdered castile soap 30 parts. 

Powdered pumice 3 parts. 

China clay 45 parts. 

Sodium perborate 22 parts. 

Another formula, contributed to the Bulletin of Phar- 
macy, is 

Soft soap 3 pounds. 

Tu.rpentine 1 pint. 

Melt the soap in an evaporating dish. Remove it from the 
fire. Add the turpentine little by little, stirring after each addi- 
tion. When cold, rub a small piece into the hands, rinse with 
warm water, and you can remove the most obstinate stains. 

This soap is to be rubbed well on the hands, which are then 
to be rinsed with warm water. It is said that this preparation 
also removes the objectionable odor of iodoform and is much 
esteemed by surgeons and nurses. 



AN OINTMENT FOR PREVENTION OF CHROME SORES 
AMONG TANNERY WORKERS (Levi) . 

Petrolatum 3 parts. 

Lanoline 1 part. 

Melt on the water bath or stove; when melted and thor- 
oughly mixed, add 10-15 drops of 90 per cent, pure carbolic acid 
to every 400 grams or 5 drops to every 4 ounces of the mixture. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 205 

Pour into a glass or eartlienware jar and allow the mass to 
solidify when it is ready for use. 

The application is as follows : Let the workman clean his 
hands and arms thoroughly with soap and water. Einse with 
warm water and while still moist apply the ointment. Eub in 
wellj so as to cover all exposed skin for about 2-3 minutes. Then 
take a clean cloth and wipe dry. The skin will be left entirely 
dry and with no greasy feeling. Lanoline is absorbed by the 
skin and the petrolatum forms a light coating on the surface. 
The application of the two inert substances prevents the action 
of the chrome upon the surface and at the same time the absorbed 
grease prevents the action of the chrome, should the outer coating 
of petrolatum wear off. 



EEMEDIES (Merck). 

Abrasion — Excoration or Eubbing Off of the Skin or Mucous 
Membrane. 

1 Boric acid powdered 1 oz. 

Salicylic acid 3 grains. 

Dust on abraded surface after thoroughly cleansing with 
soap and water. 

2 Carbolic acid 24 grains. 

Lanum 4 drams-. 

Petrolatum 4 drams. 

Apply to abraded surface. 

3 Carbolic acid ' 48 grains. 

Grlycerine 1 fl. dram. 

Olive oil 15 fl. drams. 

Smear on lint and apply after abrasion is clean. 

Bites and Stings — Insects. 

Ichthyol ,. 4 fl. drams. 

Ammonia water 4 fl. drams. 

Camphor water .- 4 fl. drams. 

Burns. 

1 Carbolic acid 1 dram. 

Linseed oil 8 fl. oz. 

Lime water 8 fl. oz. 

Shake well and apply on lint or soft linen. 



206 Tanneks'' and Chemists' Handbook. 

2 Zinc oxide 1 oz. 

Lanum 2 oz. 

Petrolatum 2 oz. 

Apply to lesion. 



Chilblains. 

Balsam Peru 2 fl. drams. 

Ichthyol 2 fl. drams. 

Lanum 4 drams. 

Apply freely to inflamed parts. 



Colic. 

Chloform ' 2 fl. drams. 

Tct. capsicum 2 fl. drams. 

Arom. sulphuric acid 4 fl. drams. 

Spts. camphor 4 fl. drams. 

Deod. Tct. opium , 4 fl. drams. 

Brandy to make 4 fl. oz. 

Teaspoonful at a dose (adults). 



Diarrhoea. 

Tct. opium 80 min. 

Tct. kins 1 fl. oz. 

Tct. krameria 1 fl. oz. 

Tct. catechu 1 fl. oz. 

Comp. Tct. cardamom ,to make 4 fl. oz. 



Fainting. 
Apply ammonia water to nostrils for inhalation. 

Frost Bite — See also Chilblains. 

Ichthyol * 3 fl. drams. 

Camphor powdered 30 grains. 

Lead ointment 4 drams. 

Apply freely once or twice daily ; cover with cotton wool. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 207 

BOILING POINTS. 

Chloroform 60°C. 

Methyl-ethyl alcohol (3-7) 70°C. 

Ethyl alcohol 75°C. 

Ethyl-propylalcohol (7-4) 80°G. 

Ethyl-propylalcohol (1-8) 90°C. 

Water 97-100°C. 

Toluol 107°C. 

Xylol : 136°C. 

Anisol 150°C. 

Cufliol 161°C. 

Anilin 180°C. 

Naphthalin 200°C. 

Diphenylamin 300°C. 

OIL CRx^YON. 

SOFT. 

1 Paraffin Avax 30 

Carnanba wax 8 

Tallow 7 

Talc 3 

Lampblack 1 

HARD. 

2 Paraffin wax 20 

Carnanba wax 10 

Stearic acid 5 

Talc 3 

Lampblack 1 

GLASS DRILLING. 

Ammonia 1 drachm. 

Ether 3 drachms. 

Kerosine oil 3 drachms. 

Gum camphor 1 oz. 

Oil turpentine -J oz. 

BELT GLUE. 

Water 700c.c. 

Dry white lead 39 g. 

White glue 150 g. 

Isinglass 22 g. 

Gelatine 28 g. 

Glue 300 g. 

Alcohol 50c. c. 

Nitric acid 3c.c. 



208 Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 

BABBITT METAL (Lunge). 

Tin 45 

Antimony 9 

Copper 1 

Lead 45 



IKSULATOES.* 
For Electric Wires. 

Paraffin 15 parts by weight. 

Caoutchonc 40 parts by weight. 

Powdered carbon 15 parts by weight. 

Silver sand 10 parts by weight. 

Naphtha 5 parts by weight. 



Flexible Electrical Insulating Composition.* 

Mineral wax 1 part by weight. 

Wood tar 30 parts by weight. 

Shellac 33 parts by weight. 

Asbestos, cotton, flax, wood or paper, finely 

. divided 33 parts by weight. 

Press or roll in sheets. Use similar to gutta percha. 



Waterproof Insulating Composition. 



* 



Tar oil ' 1 part. 

Eesin 5 parts. 

Non-drying oil 1 part. 

Paraffin li parts. 

Soapstone 3 parts. 

*Gregorius "Mineral Waxes." 



Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 209 



STOEAGE EEQUIEED FOE MATEEIALS. 

Pounds per Cubic Cubic Feet per 

MATERIAL Foot Ton 

Barium sulphate 150 15 

Bicarbonate of soda. 60 37 

Bleaching powder . 50 45 

Cawstic soda . 126 18 

Coke 30 75 

Cinders 45 50 

Lime (lump) 63 36 

Lime (sieved) 35 64 

Coal (round) 50 45 

Salt 53 42 

Sand 100 23 

Soda ash 75 30 

Sal soda 64 35 



WEIGHT OP COPPEE TUBIKG PEE FOOT I¥ POUNDS. 

Diameter in Thickness Thickness 

Inches 1/16 in. J4 in. 

1/2 0.42 ' 0.94 

3/4 0.62 1.33 

1 0.79 1.69 

li/o 1.15 • 2.44 

2 1.55 3.21 

21/2 1.94 3.97 

3 2.30 4.73 

4 3.00 ■ 6.06 

5 3.81 7.75 

6 4.54 9.09 



210 



Tanners' and Cpiemists' Handbook. 



WEIGHT OF OKE SQUAEE FOOT OF VAEIOUS METALS 
IIT POUNDS. 



Thickness id Inches 


Iron and 
Steel 


Lead 


Copper 


Brass 


Zinc 


Aluminum 


1/16 


2.5 


3.7 


2.9 


2.7 


2.3 


.84 


i/s 


5.0 

7.5 


7.4 
11.1 


5.8 

8.7 


5.5 

8.2 


4.7 

7 


1.67 


3/16 


2.50 


1/4 


10 


14.8 


11.6 


11 


9.4 


3.34 


5/16 


12:5 


18.5 


14.5 


13.7 


11.7 


4.17 


% 


15 


22.2 


17.2 


16.4 


14 


5 


77I6 


17.5 


25.9 


20 


19.2 


16.4 


5.84 


1/. 


20 

22.5 


29.5 
33.2 


22.9 

25.7 


21.9 

24.6 


18.7 
21.1 


6.67 


9/16 


7.5 


% 


25 

27.5 


36.9 
40.6 


28.6 
31.4 


27.4 
30.1 


23.4 

25.7 


8.34 


11/16 


9.17 


% 


30 


44.3 


34.3 


32.9 


28.1 


10 


13/16 


32.5 


48 


37.2 


35.6 


30.4 


10.84 


% 


35 


51.7 


40 


38.3 


32.8 


11.67 


15/16 


37.5 


55.4 


42.9 


41.2 


35.1 


12.51 


1 


40 


59.1 


45.8 


43.9 


37.5 


13.34 


FORMULA FOR CALCU 


LATIN 


"OTHl 


IWEIG 


HTOI 


'PIPES 


W = 


= k(D= 


=-d^) 








W = weight of 1 lineal foot 


in lbs. 










D = outside diameter in in 


ches. 










d = inside diameter in inch 


es. 










k = a coefficient, being 












0.85 for alnminmn. 












2.43 for zinc. 












2.45 for cast iron. 












2.49 for tin. 












2.64 for wrought iron. 












2.82 for brass. 












3.03 for copper. 












3.86 for lead. 















Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 



211 



NUMBER OF BRICKS IN A WALL (Kidder). 
Applicable to Eastern States; for Western States Reduce by 1/15. 





NUMBER OF BRICKS TO THICKNESS OF 


Feet of Wall 


4 inches 


8 inches 


12 inches 


16 inches 


20 inches 


24 inches 


1 

2. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10...... 

20 

30 

40...... 

50 

60 

'70 

80 

90 

100 

200 

300 

400 

500 

600 

700 

800 

900. 

1000 


8 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

525 

600 

675 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

3750 

4500 

5250 

6000 

6750 

7500 


15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

1050 

1200 

1350 

1500 

3000 

4500 

6000 

7500 

9000 

10500 

12000 

13500 

15000 


23 

45 

68 

90 

113 

135 

158 

180 

203 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1125 

1350 

1575 

1800 

2025 

2250 

4500 

6750 

9000 

11250 

13500 

15750 

18000 

20250 

22500 


30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

180 

210 

240 

270 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

2100 

2400 

2700 

3000 

6000 

9000 

12000 

15000 

18000 

21000 

24000 

27000 

30000 


38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

263 

300 

338 

375 

750 

1125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

2625 

3000 

3375 

3750 

7000 

11250 

15000 

18750 

22500 

26250 

30000 

33750 

37500 


45 
90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

315 

360 

405 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

2250 

2700 

3150 

3600 

4050 

4500 

9000 

13500 

18000 

22500 

27000 

31500 

36000 

40500 

45000 



21^ 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbooe;. 



Pounds per 
Sq. Inch 



Temperatu 

212 


1 


215 


2 


219 


3 


222 


4 


224 


5 


227 


6 


230 


7 


232 



TEMPEEATUEE OF STEAM AT YAEIOUS PEESSUEES. 

re Temperature 

100 

101.6 

103.9 

105.6 

106.7 

108.4 

110 

111.1 

8 235 112.8 

9 237 113.9 

10 239 115 

11 242 116.7 

12 244 117.8 

13 246 118.9 

14 248 120 

15 250 121.1 

16 252 122.2 

17 253 122.7 

18 255 123.8 

19 257 125 

20 259 126.1 

21 260 126.6 

22 262 127.7 

23 264 128.8 

24 265 129.4 

25 267 130.5 

26 268 131.1 

27 270 132.2 

28 271 132.7 

29 '272 133.3 

30 274 134.4 
35 281 138.3 
40 286 141.1 



Pounds per 


Temperature 


Temperature 


Sq. Inch 


op 


"C 


45 


292 


144.4 


50 


298 


147.7 


55 


303 


150.5 


60 


307 


152.7 


65 


312 


155.5 


70 


316 


157.7 


75 


320 


160 


80 


324 


162.2 


85 


328 


164.4 


90 


331 


166.1 


95 


335 


168.3 


100 


338 


170 


105 


341 


171.6 


110 


344 


173.3 


115 


347 


175 


120 


350 


176.6 


125 


353 


178.3 


130 


356 


180 


135 


358 


181.1 


140 


361 


182.7 


145 


363 


183.8 


150 


366 


185.5 


155 


368 


186.6 


160 


371 


188.3 


165 


373 


189.4 


170 


375 


190.5 


175 


377 


191.6 


180 


379 


192.7 


185 


382 


194.4 


190 


384 


195.5 


195 


386 


196.7 


200 


388 


197.8 



Tanners' and Chemists' -Handbook. 



213 



BOILING POINT OF WATEE AT REDUCED PRESSURE. 



cJies Mercury 


Te™pera..re 


Temperature 

°c 





212 


100 


1 


210 


98.9 


■ 2 


208 


97.8 


3 


207 


97.2 


4 


205 


96.1 


5 


203 


95 


6 


201 


93.9 


7 


199 


92.8 


8 


197 


91.7 


9 


194 


90 


10 


192 


88.9 


11 


190 


87.8 


12 


187 


86.1 


13 


185 


85 


14 


182 


83.4 



Inches Mercury Temperature Temperatur 

Op OQ 



15 


179 


81.7 


16 


176 


80 


17 


173 


78.3 


18 


169 


76.1 


19 


165 


73.9 


20 


161 


71.7 


21 


157 


69.4 


22 


152 


66.7 


23 


147 


63.9 


24 


140 


60 


25 


133 


56.1 


26 


125 


51.7 


27 


114 


45.5 


28 


100 


37.8 


29 


77 


25 



214 



Tanners' -AND Chemists' Hanidbook. 



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Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



215 



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rH 


rH 


T—{ 


T-t 


CO 


Of 


o? 


o> 


CO 


(» 


o 


o 


o 


O' 


O' 


o 


O 


o 


O 


o 


O' 


o 


o 


O 


o 


o 


o 


o 


1—1 


1—1 


1— ( 


^' 


1—1 


1— 1 


'^ 


r-i 


T-t 


T-i 


rH 


T-i 


rH 


rH 


rH 


rH 


rH 


7-1 


oo 


CTS 




a 


■^ 


CO 


OO 




o> 


■^ 


CO 


CO 




Cv? 


•xH 


CO 


GO 




T— 1 


1—1 


(>^ 


CV> 


(>> 


O-J 


•>^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


-t 


-* 


■* 


-* 


tH 


i-C 


IC 


ZO 


CO 


?- 


00 


CO 




TO 


)C— 


CO 


J., 


lO 


^ 






CO 




CO 


oo 


».r7 


O' 


CO 


o 


^ 




o> 


CO 


o 


■=+< 


00 


CO 


CO 




CO 


00 


T-i 


c^^ 


CO 


-t 


lO 


i> 


00 




rH 


CO 


"^ 


lO 


CO 


aj 


o 


T-i 


Oi 


CO 


lo 


^^ 


r^. 


1-H 


tH 


tH 


1—1 


C? 


o:> 


c^^ 


o? 


o^ 


o? 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


Ci 


lO 




iH 


(?> 


CO 


-H 


i_o 


CO 


?^ 


CO 


TO 


o 


rH 


CO 


CO 


-H 


iiO 






1—1 


tH 


tH 


" 


iH 


rH 


rH 


r-i 


rH 


r^ 


Cvj 


CO 


CO 


C^i 


Of 


o? 



216 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



Eh 
< 

O 

I— I 

h^ 

^ 

I— I 

\^ 
< 

O !^ 

M ^ 

p^ g 

^3 
P^ P^ 

^@ 
O H 

Ph tD 
<1 O 

<^ s 

o 

I— ( 

o 

p^ 
o 
o 





<ll 


H^ i-|tj< H<M «!■* -1-+ '^W' H-* 

otiOiaiasaiOiOoooooo 

tH iH tH T-l tH rH tH 




„ ^ -d i ^-^ -^-^ H=<i Hm '-^l<M mW H-* H'J' H^ H-^ H-* 

<S< ccooGOoocooDOiC^ciaiaiasai 

i 




At At 
105°F ! 110°F 
Add j Add 


H-*H<mHmco|^ wl^ H-* H^ "^l-* 
t-t^t-t-t-t-OOOOOOOOOOOOOO 




H-* H-M "-I'M Hn ml'* cd-* ccl-t ml-* cc|-t< ccR cc|-* 






H-* H'j' H'M H« 
LO lO lO LO >^ i-O <lO <X) CO C£i i:D CD CD 






H"* H^ H^ H'M H'N c'It* 






H« H« H'N col-* «|^ cci^ 




00 *■• 


T^^ T-i}^ ■^'^ T-^T^ tH]^ T-^ 1^"^ 

cocococococococococccococo 




CO ^ 


HtJi.H'* H'*,H*''H5^ H<m Kt* coH< col-* ccl-H 






H« H<M H«i H«^ ^<^^ H^-i ml'* «!"* "!■* mH* ml'* "1^ ml"* 
iHTHTHTHrHTHTHrHTHrHTHTHiH 






iHiHrHTHT-lTHTHTHr-lTHT-iTHTH 






T^ H<M H'M Him f-\rf\ hm rH|M Him H« Hn Him H^i H'n 




Degrees 

of 

Barko- 

meler at 

60° F 


OlOOiOOiOOlOOlOOiOO 
■rHtHCqtNCOCO'^'^iOlOCO 






• H'' H<M H*' Hn H'm HfM H^"' HiM i-ilw H'"! H'^' H^ 






•.rHT-trHTHrHrHrHrHrHTHiHTH 






. Hm Hm Him Him Him m|^ mh* ml-* m|T)< ml-* m|-H m|-* 
IrHTHTHTHrHTHTHiHTHTHTHT-i 




At 
40° F 

Sub't 


H'* H"* H-* H<M Him Him ml-* m|-* co|^ mh* 



0-' 



PL, 



bo 






CO 


«H 








-t-J 


cu 


o 


cp 


in 


^ 


^H 


hf 


-t-J 


H) 


ri^ 


'Ti 


P! 



CO (T) 

CD bo 



O o " 

^ o 

^ fH 
r1 (1) 

rcj O 
Pi ^ 
^ S 

o Q^ 
g^ 

^1 

cp . 

^ 2-, 

(D O 

Pi W 

2 C* 

^ 2 5:^' 



-+J -4-) g 

5^ o 



S 



f^tv 



-tl 



^ 2 ^ 
.1 -+^ ^^ 

'I •" 

! a3 ^3 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



21.7 



TABLE FOR DETERMINING THE QUANTITY OF 

ACETIC ACID REQUIRED TO CORRECT WATER 

USED IN COLORING". 

To one liter of water a trace of methjd orange is added and 
normal hydrochloric acid 1:10 (lOc.c. hj^drochloric acid 21° 
Be per liter) jDoured into it until a change of color is noticeable. 
The table shows what quantity of acetic acid of different strength 
is required for the correction of 100 liters water (the first colmun 
referring to normal acid 1:10). 



Normal HCl 1:10. 
C. C. per Liter Water 



Grams of Acetic Acid necessary to Correct 100 Liters Water 



Be. 7° Be. 



1 


1.3 


2 


2.6 


3 


3.9 


4 


5.2 


5 


6.5 


6 . 


7.8 


7 


9.1 


8 


10.4 


9 


11.7 


10 


13 


11 


14.3 


12 


15.6 


13 


16.9 


14 


18.2 


15 


19.5 


16 


20.8 


17 


22.1 


18 


23.4 


19 


24.7 


20 


26 


21 


27.3 


22 


28.6 


23 


29.9 


24 


31.2 


25 


32.5 


26 


33.8 


27 


35.1 



1.5 

3 

4.5 

6 

7.5 

9 
10.5 
12 
13.5 
15 
16.5 
18 
19.5 
21 
22.5 
24 
25.5 
27 
28.5 
30 
31.5 
33 
34.5 
36 
37.5 
39 
40.5 



2 
4 
6 
8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 



2.4 
4.8 
7.2 
9.6 
12 
14.4 
16.8 
19.2 
21.6 
24 
26.4 
28.8 
31.2 
33.6 
36 
38.4 
40.8 
43.2 
45.6 
48 
50.4 
52.8 
55.2 
57.6 
60 
62.4 
64.8 



6 

9 

12 

15 

18 
21 

24 
27 
30 
33 
36 
39 
42 
45 
48 
51 
54 
57 
60 
63 
66 
69 
72 
75 
78 
81 



3° Be. 2° Be. 



3.5 

7 
10.5 
14 
17.5 
21 
24.5 
28 
31.5 
35 
38.5 
42 
45.5 
49 
52.5 
56 
59.5 
63 
66.5 
70 
73.5 
77 
80.5 
84 
87.5 
91 
94.5 



6 
12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

78 

84 

90 

96 

102 

108 

114 

120 

126 

132 

138 

144 

150 

156 

162 



218 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



Normal HCI 1:10 
C.C. per Liter Wale 



Grams of Acetic Acid necessary to Correct 100 Liters Water 
Be. 7° Be. 6° Be. 5° Be. 4° Be. 3° Be. 2° Be. 



28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 



36.4 

37.7 

39 

40.3 

41.6 

42.9 

44.2 

45.5 

46.8 

48.1 

49.4 

50.7 

52 

53.3 

54.6 

55.9 

57.2 

58.5 

59.8 

61.1 

62.4 

63.7 

65 

66.3 

67.6 

68.9 

70.2 

71.5 

72.8 

74.1 

75.4 

76.7 

78 

79.3 

80.6 

81.6 

83.2 

84.5 



42 

43.5 

45 

46.5 

48 

49.5 

51 

52.5 

54 

55.5 

57 

58.5 

60 

61.5 

63 

64.5 

66 

67.5 

69 

70.5 

72 

73.5 

75 

76.5 

78 

79.5 

81 

82.5 

84 

85.5 

87 

88.5 

90 

91.5 

93 

94.5 

96 

97.5 



56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

68 

70 

72 

74 

76 

78 

80 

83 

84 

86 

88 

90 

92 

94 

96 

98 

100 

102 

104 

106 

108 

110 

112 

114 

116 

118 

120 

122 

134 

126 

128 

130 



67.2 
69.6 
73 
74.4 
76.8 
79.3 
81.6 
84 
86.4 
88.8 
91.3 
93.6 
96 
98.4 
100.8 
103.3 
105.6 
108 
110.4 
113.8 
115.3 
117.6 
120 
122.4 
124.8 
127.3 
139.6 
132 
134.4 
136.8 
139.2 
141.6 
144 
146.4 
148.8 
151.2 
153.6 
156 



84 
87 
90 
93 
96 
99 
102 
105 
108 
111 
114 
117 
130 
123 
126 
129 
132 
135 
138 
141 
-144 
147 
150 
153 
156 
159 
162 
165 
168 
171 
174 
177 
180 
183 
186 
189 
192 
195 



98 
101.5 
105 
108.5 
112 
115.5 
119 
122.5 
126 
129.5 
133 
136.5 
140 
143.5 
147 
150.5 
154 
157.5 
161 
164.5 
168 
171.5 
175 
178.5 
182 
185.5 
189 
193.5 
196 
199.5 
303 
206.5 
210 
313.5 
317 
320.5 
334 
337.5 



168 

174 
180 
186 
193 
198 
304 
310 
316 
332 
238 
334 
240 
246 
252 
358 
364 
370 
376 
383 
388 
394 
300 
306 
312 
318 
324 
330 
336 
342 
348 
354 
360 
366 
372 
378 
384 
390 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



219 



Normal HCI 1:10 


Grams of Acetic Acid nee 


essary to Correct 100 Liters Water 


C.C.per Liter Water 


8° Be. 


7° Be. 


6° Be. 


D5o Be. 


4° Be. 


3° Be. 


2° Be 


66 


85.8 


99 


132 


158.4 


198 


331 


396 


67 


87.1 


100.5 


134 


160.8 


201 


334.5 


402 


68 


88.4 


102 


136 


163.2 


204 


338 


408 


69 


89.7 


103.5 


138 


165.6 


207 


341.5 


414 


7^ 


91 


105 


140 


168 


310 


345 


430 


71 


92.3 


106.5 


142 


170.4 


213 


348.5 


436 


72 


93.6 


108 


144 


172.8 


316 


353 


432 


73 


94.9 


109.5 


146 


175.2 


219 


355.5 


438 


74 


96.2 


111 


148 


177.6 


222 


359 


444 


75 


97.5 


112.5 


150 


180 


235 


363.5 


450 


76 


98.8 


114 


152 


182.4 


338 


366 


456 


77 


100.1 


115.5 


154 


184.8 


331 


369.5 


463 


78 


101.4 


117 


156 


187.2 


334 


373 


468 


79 


102.7 


118.5 


158 


189.6 


337 


376.5 


474 


80 


104 


120^ 


160 


192 


240 


380 


480 


81 


105.3 


121.5 


162 


194.4 


243 


383.4 


486 


83 


106.6 


123 


164 


196.8 


246 


387 


493 


83 


107.9 


124.5 


166 


199.2 


349 


390.5 


498 


84 


109.2 


126 


168 


201.6 


353 


394 


504 


85 


110.5 


127.5 


170 


204 


355 


397.5 


510 


86 


111.8 


129 


172 


206.4 


358 


301 


516 


87 


113.1 


130.5 


174 


208.8 


361 


304.5 


533 


88 


114.4 


132 


176 


211.2 


364 


308 


528 


89 


115.7 


133.5 


178 


213.6 


367 


311.5- 


534 


90 


117 


135 


180 


216 


370 


315 


540 


91 


118.3 


136.5 


182 


218.4 


373 


318.5 


546 


92 


119.6 


138 


184 


220.8 


276 


332 


553 


93 


120.9 


139.5 


186 


223.2 


279 


335.5 


558 


94 


122.2 


141 


188 


235.6 


282 


339 


564 


95- 


123.5 


142.5 


190 


228 


285 


332.5 


570 


96 


124.8 


144 


192 


230.4 


288 


336 


576 


97 


126.1 


145.5 


194 


232.8 


291 


339.5 


582 


98 


127.4 


147 


196 


235.2 


294 


343 


588 


99 


128.7 


148.5 


198 


237.6 


397 


346.5 


594 


100 


130 


150 


200 


240 


300 


350 


600 



220 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SULPHUEIC ACID. 



Be.o 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw.° 


Per Cent. 
H, SO4 


Weight of 

1 cu. ft. 
in lbs. Av. 


Per Cent. 

0. V. 


Pounds 

0. V. 

in 1 cu. fl. 


* Freezing 

(Melting) 

Point 





1.0000 


0.0 


0.00 


63.37 


0.00 


0.00 


32.0° F. 


1 


1.0069 


1.4 


1.03 


63.80 


1.09 


.68 


31.2 " 


2 


1.0140 


3.8 


3.08 


63.24 


3.33 


1.41 


30.5 " 


3 


1.0311 


4.3 


3.13 


63.69 


3.36 


2.14 


29.8 " 


4 


1.0384 


5.7 


4.31 


64.14 


4.53 


2.90 


28.9 " 


5 


1.0357 


7.1 


5.38' 


64.60 


5.67 


3.66 


28.1 " 


6 


1.0433 


8.6 


6.37 


65.06 


6.84 


4.45 


27.2 " 


7 


1.0507 


10.1 


7.45 


65.53 


7.99 


5.34 


36.3 " 


8 


1.0584 


11.7 


8.55 


66.01 


9.17 


6.06 


35.1 " 


9 


1.0663 


13.3 


9.66 


66.50 


10.37 


6.89 


34.0 " 


10 


1.0741 


14.8 


10.77 


66.99 


11.56 


7.74 


33.8 " 


11 


1.0831 


16.4 


11.89 


67.49 


13.76 


8.61 


31.5 " 


13 


1.0903 


18.0 


13.01 


68.00 


13.96 


9.49 


30.0 " 


13 


1.0985 


19.7 


14.13 


68.51 


15.16 


10.39 


18.3 " 


14 


1.1069 


31.4 


15.35 


69.04 


16.36 


11.30 


16.6 " 


15 


1.1154 


23.1 


16.38 


69.57 


17.58 


12.23 


14.7 " 


16 


1.1340 


24.8 


17.53 


70.10 


18.81 


13.19 


13.6 " 


17 


1.1338 


36.6 


18.71 


70.65 


30.08 


14.18 


10.3 " 


18 


1.1417 


28.3 


19.89 


71.21 


31.34 


15.20 


7.7 " 


19 


1.1508 


30.2 


31.07 


71.78 


33.61 


16.23 


4.8 " 


30 


1.1600 


32.0 


33.35 


72.35 


23.87 


17.27 


+ 1.6 " 


31 


1.1694 


33.9 


33.43 


73.94 


25.14 


18.34 


— 1.8 " 


33 


1.1789 


35.8 


24.61 


73.53 


26.41 


19.42 


— 6.0 " 


33 


1.1885 


37.7 


25.81 


74.13 


27.69 


30.53 


—11 " 


34 


1.1983 


39.7 


37.03 


74.74 


29.00 


31.68 


—16 " 


35 


1.3083 


41.7 


28.28 


75.36 


30.34 


22.87 


—33 " 


36 


1.3185 


43.7 


29.53 


76.00 


31.69 


24.08 


—30 " 


37 


1.3388 


45.8 


30.79 


76.64 


33.04 


35.33 


—39 " 


38 


1.^393 


47.9 


32.05 


77.30 


34.39 


36.58 


—49 " 


29 


1.3500 


50.0 


33.33 


77.96 


35.76 


37.88 


—61 " 


30 


1.2609 


52.2 


34.63 


78.64 


37.16 


29.23 


—74 " 


31 


1.3719 


54.4 


35.93 


79.33 


38.55 


30.58 


—83 " 


33 


1.3833 


56.6 


37.26 


80.03 


39.98 


32.00 


—96 " 


33 


1.3946 


58.9 


38.58 


80.74 


41.40 


33.42 


—97 '' 


34 


1.3063 


61.3 


39.92 


81.47 


42.83 


34.90 


—91 " 


35 


1.3183 


63.6 


41.27 


83.33 


44.28 


36.41 


—81 " 


36 


1.3303 


66.1 


43.63 


83.97 


45.74 


37.95 


—70 " 


37 


1.3436 


68.5 


43.99 


83.74 


47.20 


39.53 


—60 " 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 
SULPHURIC ACID— Continued. 



221 



Be.o 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw.o 


Per Cent. 
H, SO* 


Weight of 

1 cu. ft. 
in lbs. Av. 


Per Cent. 
O. V. 


Pounds 
O. V. 

in 1 cu. ft. 


* Freezing 

(Melting) 

Point 


38 


1.3551 


71.0 


45.35 


84.52 


48.66 


41.13 


—53 '' 


39 


1.3679 


73.6 


46.72 


85.32 


50.13 


42.77 


47 " 


40 


1.3810 


76.2 


48.10 


86.13 


51.61 


44.45 


41 " 


41 


1.3942 


78.8 


49.47 


86.96 


53.08 


46.16 


—35 " 


43 


'1.4078 


81.6 


50.87 


87.80 


54.58 


47.92 


—31 " 


43 


1.4216 


84.3 


52.26 


88.67 


56.07 


49.72 


—27 " 


44 


1.4356 


87.1 


53.66 


89.54 


57.58 


51.56 


—23 " 


45 


1.4500 


90.0 


55.07 


90.44 


59.09 


53.44 


—20 " 


46 


1.4646 


92.9 


56.48 


91.35 


60.60 


55.36 


—14 " 


47 


1.4796 


9«5.9 


57.90 


92.28 


62.13 


57.33 


—15 '' 


48 


1.4948 


99.0 


59.32 


93.23 


63.65 


59.34 


—18 " 


49 


1.5104 


102.1 


60.75 


94.20 


65.18 


61.40 


—22 " 


50 


1.5263 


105.3 


62.18 


95.20 


66.72 


63.52 


—27 " 


51 


1.5426 


108.5 


63.66 


96.21 


68.31 


65.72 


—33 " 


52 


1.5591 


111.8 


65.13 


97.24 


69.89 


67.96 


—39 " 


53 


1.5761 


115.2 


66.63 


98.30 


71.50 


70.28 


—49 " 


54 


1.5934 


118.7 


68.13 


99.38 


73.11 


72.66 


—59 " 


55 


1.6111 


122.2 


69.65 


100.48 


74.74 


75.10 






56 


1.6292 


125.8 


71.17 


101.61 


76.37 


77.60 




Below 


57 


1.6477 


129.5 


72.75 


102.77 


78.07 


80.23 




" —40 


58 


1.6667 


133.3 


74.36 


103.95 


79.79 


82.95 






59 


1.6860 


137.2 


75.99 


105.16 


81.54 


85.75 


„'7 « 


60 


1.7059 


141.2 


77.67 


106.40 


83.35 


88.68 


+12.6 " 


61 


1.7262 


145.2 


79.43 


107.66 


85.23 


91.76 


27.3 " 


62 


1.7470 


149.4 


81.30 


108.96 


87.24 


95.06 


39.1 " 


63 


1.7683 


153.7 


83.34 


110.29 


89.43 


98.63 


46.1 " 


64 


1.7901 


158.0 


85.66 


111.65 


91.92 


102.63 


46.4 " 


64i 


1.7957 


159.1 


86.33 


112.00 


• 92.64 


103.75 


43.6*" 


64i 


1.8012 


160.2 


87.04 


112.34 


93.40 


104.93 


41.1 « 


64| 


1.8068 


161.4 


87.81 


112.69 


94.23 


106.19 


37.9 '' 


65 


1.8125 


162.5 


88.65 


113.05 


95.13 


107.54 


33.1 " 


65i 


1.8182 


163.6 


89.55 


113.40 


96.10 


108.97 


24.6 " 


65i 


1.8239 


164.8 


90.60 


113.76 


97.22 


110.60 


13.4 " 


65f 


1.8297 


165.9 


91.80 


114.12 


98.51 


112.42 


— 1 " 


66 


1.8354 


167.1 


93.19 


114.47 


100.00 


114.47 


—29 " 



*Calciilated from Pickering's results, Journal of London 
Chemical Society, vol. 57, p. 363. 



222 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SULPHURIC ACID— Continued. 
APPROXIMATE BOILIKG POINTS. 



50° Be, 295° P. 

60° " 386° " 

61° " 400° " 

62° " 415° " 



63° Be, 432° P. 

64° " 451° " 

65° " 485° " 

ggo U gggo U 



FIXED POINTS. 



Sp. Gr. 


Per Cent. 
Ho SO4 


Sp. Gr. 


Per Cent. 
Hj SO4 




1.0000 


.00 


1.5281 


62.34 






1.0048 


.71 


1.5440 


63.79 






1.0347 


5.14 


1.5748 


66.51 






1.0649 


9.48 


1.6272 


71.00 






1.0992 


14.22 


1.6679 


74.46 






. 1.1353 


19.04 


1.7044 


77.54 






1.1736 


23.94 


1.7258 


79.40 






1.2105 


28.55 


1.7472 


81.32 






1.2513 


33.49 


1.7700 


83.47 






1.2951 


38.64 


1.7959 


86.36 






1.3441 


44.15 


1.8117 


88.53 






1.3947 


49.52 


1.8194 


89.75 






1.4307 


53.17 


1.8275 


91.32 






1.4667 


56.68 


1.8354 


93.19 






1.4822 


58.14 









ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE. 



At 10° Be, .029° Be or .00023 Sp. Gr. 
" 20° " .036° " .00034 " 
" 30° " .035° " .00039 " 
" 40° " .031° " .00041 " 
" 50° " .028° " .00045 
" 60° " .026° " .00053 " 



63° 
66° 



.026° 
.0235° 



.00057 
.00054 



1°F. 

-ton 
-I o <c 
-lOiC 

-iOlC 

r- " 



'J'anneus' and Chemists' Handbook. 
SULPHUEIC ACID— Continued. 



223 



Per Cent. 
6u° 


Pounds 

60° 

in 1 cu. ft. 


Per Cent. 
50° 


Pounds 

50° 

in 1 cu. (t. 


Per Cent. 
60° 


Pounds 

60° 

in 1 cu. ft. 


Per Cent. 
50° 


Pounds 

50° 

in I cu. ft. 


61.93 


53.34 


77.36 


66.63 


93.67 


96.26 


117.00 


120.24 


63.69 


55.39 


79.56 


69.19 


95.74 


99.52 


119.59 


124.31 


65.50 


57.50 


81.81 


71.83 


97.84 


102.89 


122.21 


128.52 


67.28 


59.66 


84.05 


74.53 


100.00 


106.40 


124.91 


132.91 


69.09 


61.86 


86.30 


77.27 


102.27 


110.10 


127.74 


137.52 


'70.90 


64.12 


88.56 


80.10 


104.67 


114.05 


130.75 


142.47 


73.72 


66.43 


90.83 


82.98 


107.30 


118.34 


134.03 


147.82 


74.55 


68.79 


93.12 


85.93 


110.29 


123.14 


137.76 


153.81 


76.37 


71.20 


95.40 


88.94 


111.15 


124.49 


138.84 


155.50 


78.22 


73.68 


97.70 


92.03 


112.06 


125.89 


139.98 


157.25 


80.06 


76.21 


100.00 


95.20 


113.05 


127.40 


141.22 


159.14 


81.96 


78.85 


102.38 


98.50 


114.14 


129.03 


142.57 


161.17 


83.86 


81.54 


104.74 


101.85 


115.30 


130.75 


144.02 


163.32 


85.79 


84.33 


107.15 


105.33 


116.65 


132.70 


145.71 


165.76 


87.72 


87.17 


109.57 


108.89 


118.19 


134.88 


147.63 


168.48 


89.67 


90.10 


112.01 


112.55 


119.98 


137.34 


149.87 


171.56 


91.63 


93.11 


114.46 


116.30 











Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60° P., com- 
pared with Abater at 60 °F. 

From the Specific Gravities^ the corresponding degrees 
Bamne were calculated by the following formula: 

I4r, 

Banme = 145 

Sp. Gr. 

Banme Hydrometers for use with this table must be grad- 
uated by the above formula, which formula should always be 
printed on the scale. 

66° Baume = Sp. Gr. 1.8354. 

1 cu. ft. water at 60°F. weighs 62.37 lbs. av. 

Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. = 16. 

HoSO^ = 100 per cent. 
H.SO^ 0. V. 60° 

0. V. 93.19 100.00 119.98 

60° 77.67 83.35 100.00 

50= 62.18 66.72 80.06 



224 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SULPHUEIC ACID— Continued. 

Acids stronger than 66° Be should have their percentage 
compositions determined by chemical analysis. 

Authorities — W. C. Ferguson; H. P. Talbot. 

This table has been approved and adopted as a standard by 
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States. 

AV. H. Bov^ER^ 
Henry Hov^ard^ 
Jas. L. Morgan^ 
Arthur Wyman^ 
A. Gr. Eosengarten, 

Executive Committee. 
New York, June 23, 1904. 



BADISCHE COMPANY 

Sole Importers of (he Produces Manufadlured by 

BADISCHE ANILIN & SODA FABRIK 

Ludwigshafen a/Rhein, Germany 



ANILINE AND 
ALIZARINE COLORS 

(Specially Adapted for Leather) 

CHROME ALUM 
BISULPHITE OF SODA POWDER 
CHLORIDE OF BARIUM 
LACTIC ACID 



Our Laboratory is at Your Disposal for the 

Produ(5tion of Any Shade on 

Any Tannage 



128 DUANE STREET, NEW YORK 

Branch Offices: 
Bo^on, 86 Federal Street 



Providence, 
Philadelphia, 
Chicago, . 
Montreal, . 



80 South Water Street 
. . . 238 Arch Street 
. 228 Randolph Street 
. . 6 Lemoine Street 



San Francisco, . . 587 Mission Street 



S' 



^s 



CE. Alizarine Colors 

for Chrome Leather 

CL Aniline Colors 

for All Leathers 

d Victoria Oil and 
Fat Liquors 

H. A. METZ & COMPANY 

Sole Agents in the United States for 

Farbwerke vorm. Mei^er, Lucius & Bruening 

Hoechit o/M, Germany 

NEW YORK, 122 Hudson Street 



BOSTON, MASS., . 
PHILADELPHIA, PA., 
PROVIDENCE, R. I, 
CHICAGO, ILL, . 
ATLANTA, GA., . 
CHARLOTTE. N. C, 
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MONTREAL, CANADA, 



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. 104 Chestnut Street 

23 South Main Street 

317 North Clark Street 

Empire Building 

Trust Building 

. 580 Howard Street 

. 170 McGill Street 



Laboratories, NEWARK, N. J. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 
II YDEO CHLORIC ACID. 



225 



Be. ° 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw.° 


%HCI. 


Be. ° 


Sp. Gr! 


Tw.o 


^HCl. 


1.00 


1.0069 


1.38 


1.40 


13.75 


1.1048 


20.96 


20.86 


3.00 


1.0140 


2.80 


2.82 


14.00 


1.1069 


21.38 


21.27 


3.00 


1.0211 


4.22 


4.25 


14.25 


1.1090 


21.80 


21.68 


4.00 


1.0284 


5.68 


5.69 


14.50 


1.1111 


22.22 


22.09 


5.00 


1.0357 


7.14 


7.15 


14.75 


1.1132 


22.64 


22.50 


'5.25 


1.0375 


7.50 


7.52 


15.00 


1.1154 


23.08 


22.92 


0.50 


1.0394 


7.88 


7.89 


15.25 


1.1176 


23.52 


23.33 


5.75 


1.0413 


8.26 


8.26 


15.50 


1.1197 


23.94 


23.75 


6.00 


1.0432 


8.64 


8.64 


15.75 


1.1219 


24.38 


24.16 


6.25 


1.0450 


9.00 


9.02 


16.0 


1.1240 


24.80 


24.57 


6.50 


1.0469 


9.38 


9.40 


16.1 


1.1248 


24.96 


24.78 


6.75 


1.0488 


9.76 


9.78 


16.2 


1.1256 


25.12 


24.90 


7.00 


1.0507 


10.14 


10.17 


16.3 


1.1265 


25.30 


25.06 


7.25 


1.0526 


10.52 


10.55 


16.4 


1.1274 


25.48 


25.23 


7.50 


1.0545 


10.90 


10.94 


16.5 


1.1283 


25.66 


25.39 


7.75 


1.0564 


11.28 


11.32 


16.6 


1.1292 


25.84 


25.56 


8.00 


1.0584 


11.68 


11.71 


16.7 ■ 


1.1301 


26.02 


25.72 


8.25 


1.0603 


12.06 


12.09 


16.8 


1.1310 


26.20 


25.89 


8.50 


1.0623 


12.46 


12.48 


16.9 


1.1319 


26.38 


26.05 


8.75 


1.0642 


12.84 


12.87 


17.0 


1.1328 


26.56 


26.22 


9.00 


1.0662 


13.24 


13.26 


17.1 


1.1336 


26.72 


26.39 


9.25 


1.0681 


13.62 


13.65 


17.2 


1.1345 


26.90 


26.56 


9.50 


1.0701 


14.02 


14.04 


17.3 


1.1354 


27.08 


26.73 


9.75 


1.0721 


14.42 


14.43 


17.4 


1.1363 


27.26 


26.90 


10.00 


1.0741 


14.82 


14.83 


17.5 


1.1372 


27.44 


27.07 


10.25 


1.0761 


15.22 


15.22 


17.6 


1.1381 


27.62 


27.24 


10.50 


1.0781 


15.62 


15.62 


17.7 


1.1390 


27.80 


27.41 


10.75 


1.0801 


16.02 


16.01 


17.8 


1.1399 


27.98 


27.58 


11.00 


1.0821 


16.42 


16.41 


17.9 


1.1408 


28.16 


27.75 


11.25 


1.0841 


16.82 


16.81 


18.0 


1.1417 


28.34 


27.92 


11.50 


1.0861 


17.22 


17.21 


18.1 


1.1426 


28.52 


28.09 


11.75 


1.0881 


17.62 


17.61 


18.2 


1.1435 


28.70 


28.26 


12.00 


1.0902 


18.04 


18.01 


18.3 


1.1444 


28.88 


28.44 


12.25 


1.0922 


18.44 


18.41 


18.4 


1.1453 


29.06 


28.61 


12.50 


1.0943 


18.86 


18.82 


18.5 


1.1462 


29.24 


28.78 


12.75 


1.0964 


19.28 


19.22 


18.6 


1.1471 


29.42 


28.95 


13.00 


1.0985 


19.70 


19.63 


18.7 


1.1480 


29.60 


29.13 


13.25 


1.1006 


20.12 


20.04 


18.8 


1.1489 


29.78 


29.30 


13.50 


1.1027 


20.54 


20.45 


18.9 


1.1498 


29.96 


29.48 



22-6 Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook:. 

HYDKOCHLOEIC ACID— Continued. 



Be. ° 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw.o 


?^HC1. 


Be. ° 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw.o 


^HCl. 


19.0 


1.1508 


30.16 


39.65 


23.3 


1.1817 


36.34 


35.78 


19.1 


1.1517 


30.34 


39.83 


33.4 


1.1827 


36.54 


35.97 


19.3 


1.1536 


30.53 


30.00 


22.5 


1.1836 


36.73 


36.16 


19.3 


1.1535 


30.70 


30.18 


22.6 


1.1846 


36.92 


36.35 


19.4 


1.1544 


30.88 


30.35 


33.7 


1.1856 


37.13 


36.54 


19.5 


1.1554 


31.08 


30.53 


22.8 


1.1866 


37.32 


36.73 


19.6 


1.1563 


31.36 


30.71 


23.9 


1.1875 


37.50 


36.93 


■ 19.7 


1.1572 


31.44 


30.90 


33.0 


1.1885 


37.70 


37.14 


19.8 


1.1581 


31.63 


31.08 


33.1 


1.1895 


37.90 


37.36 


19.9 


1.1590 


31.80 


31.37 


23.3 


1.1904 


38.08 


37.58 


20.0 


1.1600 


33.00 


31.45 


23.3 


1.1914 


38.38 


37.80 


20.1 


1.1609 


32.18 


31.64 


23.4 


1.1934 


38.48 


38.03 


20.2 


1.1619 


32.38 


31.83 


23.5 


1.1934 


38.68 


38.36 


20.3 


1.1628 


32.56 


33.01 


23.6 


1.1944 


38.88 


38.49 


20.4 


1.1637 


33.74 


33.19 


33.7 


1.1953 


39.06 


38.72 


20.5 


1.1647 


33.94 


33.38 


23.8 


1.1963^ 


39.36 


38.95 


20.6 


1.1656 


33.13 


33.56 


23.9 


1.1973 


39.46 


39.18 


20.7 


1.1666 


33.33 


33.75 


34.0 


1.1983 


39.66 


39.41 


20.8 


1.1675 


33.50 


33.93 


24.1 


1.1993 


39.86 


39.64 


20.9 


1.1684 


33.68 


33.12 


24.3 


1.2003 


40.06 


39.86 


21.0 


1.1694 


33.88 


33.31 


34.3 


1.2013 


40.36 


40.09 


21.1 


1.1703 


34.06 


33.50 


34.4 


1.2023 


40.46 


40.32 


21.2 


1.1713 


34.36 


33.69 


24.5 


1.2033 


40.66 


40.55 


21.3 


1.1722 


34.44 


33.88 


24.6 


1.3043 


40.86 


40.78 


21.4 


1.1733 


34.64 


34.07 


34.7 


1.3053 


41.06 


41.01 


21.5 


1.1741 


34.83 


34.26 


24.8 


1.2063 


41.26 


41.34 


21.6 


1.1751 


35.03 


34.45 


24.9 


1.3073 


41.46 


41.48 


21.7 


1.1760 


35.30 


34.64 


25.0 


1.2083 


41.66 


41.72 


21.8 


1.1770 


35.40 


34.83 


25.1 


1.2093 


41.86 


41.99 


21.9 


1.1779 


35.58 


35.02 


35.2 


1.3103 


43.06 


43.30 


22.0 


1.1789 


35.78 


35.21 


25.3 


1.3114 


43.38 


43.64 


23.1 


1.1798 


35.96 


35.40 


25.4 


1.3134 


43.48 


43.01 


32.3 


1.1808 1 36.16 
! 


35.59 


25.5 


1.3134 


43.68 


43.40 



Specific G-ravitv determinations Avere made at 60^^ 
pared with water at 60° F. 



F., com- 



Tanneks' and Chemists'' Handbook. 22.7 

HYDROCHLOEIC ACID— Continued. 

From the Specific Gravities, the corresponding degrees 
Banme were calculated hj the following formula : 

145 
Baume = 145 



Sp. Gr. 



*Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be grad- 
uated by the above formula, which formula should alivays be 
printed on the scale. 

Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. = 16. 

ALLOWANCE FOE TEMPEEATUEE: 

10 — 15° Be. — 1/40° Be. or .0003 Sp. Gr. for 1° F. 
15 — 22° Be. — 1/30° Be. or .0003 " '' " 1° F. 
22 — 25° Be. — 1/28° Be. or .00035 " " '' 1° F. 

Authority — W. C. Ferguson. 



228 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

AQUA AMMONIA. 



Be.° 


Sp Gr. 


^oNH,. 


Be.° 


Sp Gr. 


^NHs 


10.00 


1.0000 


.00 


19.75 


.9349 


17.28 


10.25 


.9982 


.40 


20.00 


.9333 


17.76 


10.50 


.9964 


.80 ■ 


20.25 


.9318 


18.24 


10.75 


.9947 


1.21 


20.50 


.9302 


18.72 


11.00 


.9929 


1.62 


20.75 


.9287 


19.20 


11.25 


.9912 


2.04 


21.00 


.9272 


19.68 


11.50 


.9894 


2.46 


21.25 


.9256 


20.16 


11.75 


.9876 


2.88 


. 21.50 


.9241 


20.64 


12.00 


.9859 


3.30 


21.75 


.9226 


21.12 


12.25 


.9842 


3.73 


22.00 


.9211 


21.60 


12.50 


.9825 


4.16 


22.25 


.9195 


22.08 


12.75 


.9807 


4.59 


22.50 


.9180 


22.56 


13.00 


.9790 


5.02 


22.75 


.9165 


23.04 


13.25 


.9773 


5.45 


23.00 


.9150 


23.52 


13.50 


.9756 


5.88 


23.25 


.9135 


24.01 


13.75 


.9739 


6.31 


23.50 


.9121 


24.50 


14.00 


.9722 


6.74 


23.75 


.9106 


24.99 


14.25 


.9705 


7.17 


24.00 


.9091 


25.48 


14.50 


.9689 


7.61 


24.25 


.9076 


25.97 


14.75 


.9672 


8.05 


■ 24.50 


.9061 


26.46 


15.00 


.9655 


8.49 


24.75 


.9047 


26.95 


15.25 


.9639 


8.93 


25.00 


.9032 


27.44 


15.50 


.9622 


9.38 


25.25 


.9018 


27.93 


15.75 


.9605 


9.83 


25.50 


.9003 


28.42 


16.00 


.9589 


10.28 


25.75 


.8989 


28.91 


16.25 


.9573 


10.73 


26.00 


.8974 


29.40 


> 16.50 


.9556 


11.18 


26.25 


.8960 


29.89 


16.75 


.9540 


11.64 


26.50 


.8946 


30.38 


17.00 


.9524 


12.10 


26.75 


.8931 


30.87 


17.25 


.9508 


12.56 


27.00 


.8917 


31.36 


17.50 


.9492 


13.02 


27.25 


.8903 


31.85 


17.75 


.9475 


13.49 


27.50 


.8889 


32.34 


18.00 


.9459 


13.96 


27.75 


.8875 


32.83 


18.25 


.9444 


14.43 


28.00 


.8861 


33.32 


18.50 


.9428 


14.90 


28.25 


.8847 


33.81 


18.75 


.9412 


15.37 


28.50 


.8833 


34.30 


19.00 


.9396 


15.84 


28.75 


.8819 


34.79 


19.25 


.9380 


16.32 


29.00 


.8805 


35.28 


19.50 


.9365 


16.80 









Tanneks'' and Chemists' Handbook. 



229 



AQUA AMMONIA— Continued. 

Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60° ¥., com- 
pared with water at 60° P. 

From the Specific Gravities the corresponding degrees 
Baume were calculated by the following formula : 

140 

Baume = 130. 

Sp. Gr. 

• *Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be grad- 
uated by the above formula^, which formula should always be 
printed on the scale. 

Atomic weights from P. W. Clarke's table of 1901. == 16. 

ALLOWANCE FOR TEMPERATURE: 

The coefficient of expansion for Ammonia Solutions, varying 
with the temperature, correction must be applied according to 
the following table : 



Corrections to 


be added for each 




Corrections to be subtracted for each 




degree 


3elow 


60° F. 






degree above 60° F. 




Degrees 
Baume 


40° 


F. 


50° F. 


70° 


F. 


80° F. 


90° F. 


100° 


F. 


14° 


.015° 


Be. 


.017° Be. 


.020° 


Be. 


.022° Be. 


.024° Be. 


.026° 


Be. 


16° 


.021 


u 


.023 " 


.026 


C( 


.028 " 


.030 " 


.032 


<i 


18° 


.027 


a 


.029 " 


.031 


a 


.033 " 


.035 " 


.037 


cc 


20° 


.033 


i( 


.036 " 


.037 


u 


.038 " 


.040 " 


.042 


u 


22° 


.039 


« 


.042 " 


.043 


a 


.045 " 


.047 " 






26° 


.053 


I 


.057 " 


.057 


" 


.059 " 









Authority — W. C. Ferguson. 

This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard by 
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States. 

W. H. Bovver, 
Henry Howard, 
Jas. L. Morgan, 
Arthur Wyman, 
A. G. Rosengarten, 
Executive Committee. 
New York. May 14, 1903. 



230: Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

NITEIC ACID. 



Be. ° 


Sp. Gr, 


Tw. ° 


<)E)HN03 


Be. " 


Sp. Gr 


Tw. ° 


^HNO., 


10.00 


1.0741 


14.82 


12.86 


19.75 


1.1577 


31.54 


25.88 


10.25 


1.0761 


15.22 


13.18 


20.00 


1.1600 


32.00 


26.24 


10.50 


1.0781 


15.62 


13.49 


20.25 


1.1624 


32.48 


26.61 


10.75 


1.0801 


16.02 


13.81 


20.50 


1.1647 


32.94 


26.96 


11.00 


1.0821 


16.42 


14.13 


20.75 


1.1671 


33.42 


27.33 


11.25 


1.0881 


16.82 


15.07 


21.00 


1.1694 


33.88 


27.67 


11.50 


1.0861 


17.22 


14.76 


21.25 


1.1718 


34.36 


28.02 


11.75 


1.0881 


17.62 


17.07 


21.50 


1.1741 


34.82 


28.36 


12.00 


1.0902 


18.04 


15.41 


21.75 


1.1765 


35.30 


28.72 


12.25 


1.0922 


18.44 


15.72 


22.00 


1.1789 


35.78 


29.07 


12.50 


1.0943 


18.86 


16.05 


22.25 


1.1813 


36.26 


29.43 


12.75 


1.0964 


19.28 


16.39 


22.50 


1.1S37 


36.74 


29.78 


13.00 


1.0985 


19.70 


16.72 


22.75 


1.1861 


37.22 


30.14 


13.25 


1.1006 


20.12 


17.05 


23.00 


1.1885 


37.70 


30.49 


13.50 


1.1027 


20.54 


17.38 


23.25 


1.1910 


38.20 


30.86 


13.75 


1.1048 


20.96 


17.71 


23.50 


1.1934 


38.68 


31.21 


14.00 


1.1069 


21.38 


18.04 


23.75 


1.1959 


39.18 


31.58 


14.25 


1.1090 


21.80 


18.37 


24.00 


1.1983 


39.66 


31.94 


14.50 


1.1111 


22.22 


18.70 


24.25 


1.2008 


40.16 


32.31 


14.75 


1.1132 


22.64 


19.02 


24.50 


1.2033 


40.66 


32.68 


15.00 


1.1154 


23.08 


19.36 


24.75 


1.2058 


41.16 


33.05 


15.25 


1.1176 


23.52 


19.70 


25.00 


1.2083 


41.66 


33.42 


15.50 


1.1197 


23.94 


20.02 


25.25 


1.2109 


42.18 


33.8.0 


15.75 


1.1219 


24.38 


20.36 


25.50 


1.2134 


42.68 


34.17 


16.00 


1.1240 


24.80 


20.69 


25.75 


2.2160 


43.20 


34.56 


16.25 


1.1262 


25.24 


21.03 


26.00 


1.2185 


43.70 


34.94 


16.50 


1.1284 


25.68 


21.36 


26.25 


1.2211 


44.22 


35.33 


16.75 


1.1306 


26.12 


21.70 


26.50 


1.2236 


44.72 


35.70 


17.00 


1.1328 


26.56 


22.04 


26.75 


1.2262 


45.24 


36.09 


17.25 


1.1350 


27.00 


22.38 


27.00 


1.2288 


45.76 


36.48 


17.50 


1.1373 


27.46 


22.74 


27.25 


1.2314 


46.28 


36.87 


17.75 


1.1395 


27.90 


23.08 


27.50 


1.2340 


46.80 


37.26 


18.00 


1.1417 


28.34 


23.42 


27.75 


1.2367 


47.34 


37.67 


18.25 


1.1440 


28.80 


23.77 


28.00 


1.2393 


47.86 


38.06 


18.50 


1.1462 


29.24 


24.11 


28.25 


1.2420 


48.40 


38.46 


18.75 


1.1485 


29.70 


24.47 


28.50 


1.2446 


48.92 


38.85 


19.00 


1.1508 


30.16 


24.82 


28.75 


1.2473 


49.46 


39.25 


19.35 


1.1531 


30.62 


25.18 


29.00 


1.2500 


50.00 


39.66 


19.50 


1.1554 


31.08 


25.53 


29.25 


1.2527 


50.54 


40.06 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 
NITEIC ACID— Continued. 



231 



Be." 


Sp. (Jr. 


Tw. o 


?fcHNO. 


Be ° 


Sp. Gr. 


Tw. ° 


^HNO:, 


39.50 


1.2554 


51.08 


40.47 


39.25 


1.3712 


74.24 


59.43 


29.75 


1.2582 


51.64 


40.89 


39.50 


1.3744 


74.88 


60.06 


30.00 


1.2609 


52.18 


41.30 


39.75 


1.3777 


75.54 


60.71 


30.25 


1.2637 


52.74 


41.72 


40.00 


1.3810 


76.20 


61.38 


30.50 


1.2664 


53.28 


42.14 


40.25 


1.3843 


76.86 


62.07 


ao.75 


1.2692 


53.84 


42.58 


40.50 


1.3876 


77.52 


62.77 


31.00 


1.2719 


54.38 


43.00 


40.75 


1.3909 


78.18 


63.48 


31.25 


1.2747 


54.94 


43.44 


41.00 


1.3942 


78.84 


64.20 


31.50 


1.2775 


55.50 


43.89 


41.25 


1.3976 


79.52 


64.93 


31.75 


1.2804 


56.08 


44.34 


41.50 


1.4010 


80.20 


65.67 


32.00 


1.2832 


56.64 


44.78 


41.75 


1.4044 


80.88 


66.42 


32.25 


1.2861 


57.22 


•45.24 


42.00 


1.4078 


81.56 


67.18 


32.50 


1.2889 


57.78 


45.68 


42.25 


1.4112 


82.24 


67.95 


32.75 


1.2918 


58.36 


46.14 


42.50 


1.4146 


82.92 


68.73 


33.00 


1.2946 


58.92 


46.58 


42.75 


1.4181 


83.62 


69.52 


33.25 


1.2975 


59.50 


47.04 


43.00 


1.4216 


84.32 


70.33 


33.50 


1.3004 


60.08 


47.49 


43.25 


1.4251 


85.02 


71.15 


33.75 


1.3034 


60.68 


47.95 


43.50 


1.4286 


85.72 


71.98 


34.00 


1.3063 


61.26 


48.42 


43.75 


1.4321 


86.42 


72.82 


34.25 


1.3093 


61.86 


48.90 


44.00 


1.4356 


87.12 


73.67 


34.50 


1.3122 


62.44 


49.35 


44.25 


1.4392 


87.84 


74.53 


34.75 


1.3152 


63.04 


49.83 


44.50 


1.4428 


88.56 


75.40 


35.00 


1.3182 


63.64 


50.32 


44.75 


.1.4464 


89.28 


76.28 


35.25 


1.3212 


64.24 


50.81 


45.00 


1.4500 


90.00 


77.17 


35.50 


1.3242 


64.84 


51.30 


45.25 


1.4536 


90.72 


78.07 


35.75 


1.3273 


65.46 


51.80 


45.50 


1.4573 


91.46 


79.03 


36.00 


1.3303 


66.06 


52.30 


45.75 


1.4610 


92.20 


80.04 


36.25 


1.3334 


66.68 


52.81 


46.00 


1.4646 


92.92 


81.08 


36.50 


1.3364 


67.28 


53.32 


46.25 


1.4684 


93.68 


82.18 


36.75 


1.3395 


67.90 


53.84 


46.50 


1.4721 


94.42 


83.33 


37.00 


1.3426 


68.52 


54.36 


46.75 


1.4758 


95.16 


84.48 


37.25 


1.3457 


69.14 


54.89 


47.00 


1.4796 


95.92 


85.70 


37.50 


1.3488 


69.76 


55.43 


47.25 


1.4834 


96.68 


86.98 


37.75 


1.3520 


70.40 


55.97 


47.50 


1.4872 


97.44 


88.32 


38.00 


1.3551 


71.02 


56.52 


47.75 


1.4910 


98.20 


89.76 


38.25 


1.3583 


71.66 


57.08 


48.00 


1.4948 


98.96 


91.35 


38.50 


1.3615 


72.30 


57.65 


48.25 


1.4987 


99.74 


93.13 


38.75 


1.3647 


72.94 


58.23 


48.50 


1.5026 


100.52 


95.11 


39.00 


1.3679 


73.58 


58.82 




1 





232 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

WITEIC ACID— Continued. 

Specific Gravity determinations were made at 60° ¥., com- 
pared with water at 60° F. 

From the Specific Gravities the corresponding degrees 
Baume were calculated by the following formula: 

145 
Baume = 145 



Sp. Gr. 



*Baume Hydrometers for use with this table must be grad- 
uated by the above formula, which formula should always be 
printed on the scale. 

Atomic weights from F. W. Clarke's table of 1901. = 16. 



ALLOWANCE FOE TEMPEEATUEE: 

AtlO" — 20°Be. — 1/30° Be. or .00029 Sp. Gr. = 1° F. 

20°— 30° Be. — 1/33° Be. or .00044 " " = 1° F. 

30° —40° Be. — 1/30° Be. or .00060 " " = 1° F. 

40° —48.5° Be. — 1/17° Be. or .00084 " " = 1° F. 

Authority— W. C. Ferguson. 

This table has been approved and adopted as a Standard by 
the Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States. 

W. H. Bovver, 
Henry Howard, 
Jas. L. Morgan^ 
Arthur Wyman, 
a. g. eosengarten, 

Executive Committee. 

New York, May 14, 1903. 



Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. 



233 



CONVEESIOI^ OF Cr^Os AKD CtO, TO Na^Cr^O^ + SH^O 
AND K^Cr^O^ TO POUNDS PER GALLON. 



^Cro03 


Lbs. per gal. 

NaaCraO, 

+2H2O 


Lbs. per gal. 
KaCroO, 


^CraOp. 


Lbs. per gal. 

Na2Cr50j 

-|-2HjO 


Lbs. per gal. 
K^CrjOj 


.10 


.016 


.016 


17.00 


2.780 


2.744 


.20 


.033 


.033 


18.00 


2.940 


2.905 


,.30 


.049 


.048 


19.00 


3.107 


3.067 


.40 


.065 


.065 


20.00 


3.270 


3.228 


.50 


.082 


.081 


21.00 


3.434 


3.389 


.60 


.098 


.097 


22.00 


3.597 


3.515 


.70 


.115 


.113 


23.00 


.3.760 


3.710 


.80 


.131 


.129 


24.00 


3.924 


3.874 


.90 


.148 


.145 


25.00 


4.090 


4.035 


1.00 


.164 


.161 


26.00 


4.251 


4.196 


1.50 


.246 


.242 


27.00 


4.415 


4.358 


2.00 


.327 


.322 


28.00 


4.580 


4.520 


2.50 


- .408 


.404 


29.00 


4.742 


4.681 


3.00 


.491 


.484 


30.00 


4.905 


4.842 


3.50 


.572 


.566 


31.00 


5.070 


5.003 


4.00 


.654 


.646 


32.00 


5.232 


5.165 


4.50 


.736 


.727 


33.00 


5.400 


5.326 


5.00 


.818 


.807 


34.00 


5.560 


5.488 


5.50 


.900 


.888 


35.00 


5.720 


5.649 


6.00 


.981 


.968 


36.00 


5.886 


5.810 


6.50 


1.063 


1.049 


37.00 


6.050 


5.972 


7.00 


1.145 


1.130 


38.00 


6.213 


6.133 


7.50 


1.226 


1.210 


39.00 


6.377 


6.295 


8.00 


1.308 


1.291 


40.00 


6.540 


6.456 


8.50 


1.390 


1.372 


41.00 


6.704 


6.617 


9.00 


1.472 


1.453 


42.00 


6.867 


6.781 


9.50 


1.553 


1.533 


43.00 


7.031 


6.940 


10.00 


1.635 


1.614 


44.00 


7.194 


7.104 


11.00 


1.800 


1.775 


45.00 


7.358 


7.265 


13.00 


1.960 


1.937 


46.00 


7.521 


7.426 


13.00 


2.125 


2.098 


47.00 


7.685 


7.588 


14.00 


2.290 


2.260 


48.00 


7.848 


7.750 


15.00 


2.450 


2.421 


19.00 


8.012 


7.911 


16.00 


2.615 


2.580 


:)0.oo 


8.175 


8.070 



% Cr^Og X .1635 =^'Na,Cr,0, + 2H2O lbs. per ^al. 
% Cr^Oa X .1614 = K^Cr^O, lbs. per gal. 



234 



Tanneks' and Chemists" Handbook. 



CONVEESTOI^ OF Cr.Oa AND CrOg TO NaoCr^O., + 2H2O 
AND KoCr^O, TO POUNDS PEE GALLON. 



°/Cr03 


Lbs. per gal. 

■ Na^CraOj 

+2H2O 


Lbs . per gal. 

K2Cr207 


foCrOa 


Lbs. per gal. 

Na^Cr^Or' 

+2H2O 


Lbs. per gal. 
K^CraOx 


.10 


.012 


.012 


17.00 


2.113 


2.086 


.20 


.025 


.024 


18.00 


2.237 


2.209 


.30 


.037 


.037 


19.00 


2.362 


2.331 


-.40 


.050 


.049 


20.00 


2.486 


2.454 


.50 


.062 


.061 


21.00 


2.610 


2.577 


.60 


.075 


.074 


22.00 


2.735 


2.699 


.70 


.087 


.086 


23.00 


2.859 


2.822 


.80 


.099 


.098 


24.00 


2.983 


2.945 


.90 


.112 


.110 


25.00 


3.108 


3.067 


1.00 


■ .124 


.123 


26.00 


3.232 


3.190 


1.50 


.186 


.184 


27.00 


3.356 


3.313 


2.00 


.249 


.245 


28.00 


3.480 


3.436 


2.50 


.311 


.307 


29.00 


3.605 


3.558 


3.00 


.373 


.368 


30.00 


3.729 


3.681 


3.50 


.435 


.429 


31.00 


3.853 


3.804 


4.00 


.497 


.491 


32.00 


3.978 


3.926 


4.50 


.559 


.552 


33.00 


4.102 


4.049 


. 5.00 


.622 


.614 


34.00 


4.226 


■4.172 


5.50 


.684 


.675 


35.00 


4.351 


4.195 


6.00 


.746 


.736 


36.00 


4.475 


4.417 


6.50 


.808 


.798 


37.00 


4.599 


4.540 


7.00 


.870 


.859 


38.00 


4.723 


4.663 


7.50 


.933 


.920 


39.00 


4.848 


4.785 


8.00 


.994 


.982 


40.00 


4.972 


4.908 


8.50 


1.057 


1.043 


41.00 


5.096 


5.031 


9.00 


1.119 


1.104 


42.00 


5.221 


5.153 


9.50 


1.181 


1.166 


43.00 


5.345 


5.276 


10.00 


1.243 


1.227 


44.00 


5.469 


5.399 


11.00 


1.367 


1.350 


45.00 


5.594 


5.522 


12.00 


1.492 


1.472 


46.00 


5.718 


5.644 


13.00 


1.616 


1.595 


47.00 


5.842 


5.767 


14.00 


1.740 


1.718 


48.00 


5.966 


5.890 


15.00 


1.865 


1.841 


49.00 


6.091 


6.012 


16.00 


1.989 


1.963 


50.00 

I 


6.225 


6.135 



% CrO, X .1243 =-- Na^Cr.O^ + 2H,0 lbs. per gal. 
% OrOs X .1337 =-^ KoCr.O, lbs. per gal. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



235 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OP CAUSTIC POTASH AT 15° C. 

(59°F.) (Limgc). 









100 Parts 


by Weight 


ICul 


)ic Meter 


«.^ 


i 

CQ 




Contain 


Contains Kilos 




K,0 


KOH 


K^O 


KOH 


1.007 


1 


1.4 


0.7 


0.9 


7 


9 


' 1.014 


3 


3.8 


1.4 


1.7 


14 


17 


1.032 


3 


4.4 


2.2 


2.6 


33 


36 


1.039 


4 


5.8 


2.9 


3.5 


30 


36 


1.037 


5 


7.4 


3.8 


4.5 


39 


46 


1.045 


6 


9.0 


4.7 


5.6 


49 


58 


1.053 


7 


10.4 


5.4 


6.4 


57 


67 


1.060 


8 


12.0 


6.3 


7.4 


66 


78 


1.067 


9 


13.4 


6.9 


8.2 


74 


88 


1.075 


10 


15.0 


7.7 


9.3 


83 


99 


1.083 


11 


16.6 


8.5 


10.1 


93 


109 


1.091 


12 


18.3 


9.3 


10.9 


100 


119 


1.100 


13 


20.0 


10.1 


13.0 


111 


133 


1.108 


14 


31.6 


10.8 


13.9 


119 


143 


1.116 


15 


33.3 


11.6 


13.8 


129 


153 


1.125 


16 


35.0 


13.4 


14.8 


140 


167 


1.134 


17 


36.8 


13.3 


15.7 


150 


178 


1.142 


18 


28.4 


13.9 


16.5 


159 


188 


1.152 


19 


30.4 


14.8 


17.6 


170 


203 


1.162 


20 


32.4 


15.6 


18.6 


181 


216 


1.171 


21 


34.3 


16.4 


19.5 


192 


228 


1.180 


22 


3-6.0 


17.2 


30.5 


203 


242 


1.190 


23 


38.0 


18.0 


31.4 


314 


255 


1.200 


24 


40.0 


18.8 


33.4 


336' 


369 


1.210 


25 


42.0 


19.6 


33.3 


337 


282 


1.220 


26 


44.0 


20.3 


34.3 


348 


295 


1.231 


27 


46.2 


21.1 


35.1 


360 


309 


1.241 


28 


48.2 


21.9 


26.1 


373 


324 


1.252 


29 


50.4 


22.7 


27.0 


384 


338 


1.263 


30 


53.6 


23.5 


38.0 


397 


353 


1.274 


31 


54.8 


24.2 


38.9 


308 


368 


1.285 


33 


57.0 


25.0 


29.8 


331 


385 


1.397 


33 


59.4 


25.8 


30.7 


335 


398 


1.308 


34 


61.6 


36.7 


31.8 


349 


416 


1.320 


35 


64.0 


27.5 


33.7 


363 


432 



236 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF CAUSTIC POTASH AT 15° C. 

(59°F.) (Lunge). 









100 Parts 


by Weight 


ICu 


sic Meter 


LC -^ 


1 

CO 




Con 


tain 


Cont 


ains Kilos 


wO 


K2O 


KOH 


K5O 


KOH 


1.332 


36 


66.4 


28.3 


33.7 


377 


449 


1.345 


37 


69.0 


29.3 


34.9 


394 


469 


1.357 


38 


71.4 


30.2 


35.9 


410 


487 


1.370 


39 


74.0 


31.0 


36.9 


425 


506 


1.383 


40 


76.6 


31.8 


37.8 


440 


522 


1.397 


41 


79.4 


32.7 


38.9 


457 


543 


1.410 


42 


82.0 


33.5 


39.9 


472 


563 


1.434 


43 


84.8 


34.4 


40.9 


490 


582 


1.438 


44 


87.6 


35.4 


42.1 


509 


605 


1.453 


45 


90.6 


36.5 


43.4 


530 


631 


1.468 


46 


93.6 


37.5 


44.6 


549 


655 


1.483 


47 


96.6 


38.5 


45.8 


571 


679 


1.498 


48 


99.6 


39.6 


47.1 


593 


706 


1.514 


49 


102.8 


40.6 


48.3 


615 


731 


1.530 


50 


106.0 


41.5 


49.4 


635 


756 


1.546 


51 


109.2 


42.5 


50.6 


655 


779 


1.563 


52 


112.6 


43.6 


51.9 


681 


811 


1.580 


53 


116.0 


44.7- 


53.2 


706 


840 


1.597 


54 


119.4 


45.8 


54.5 


731 


870 


1.615 


55 


123.0 


47.0 


55.9 


754 


902 


1.634 


56 


126.8 


48.3 


57.5 


789 


940 



SOLUBILITY OF PAKAFFIK WAX. 

1 pt. of paraffin is soluble in: 

7.6 pts. carbon bisulphide. 

8.5 pts. ligroin b.p. 75 °C. 
50.3 pts. benzol. 
50.8 pts. ether. 
10.86 pts. glacial acetic acid. 

(Pawlewski & Filomonowitz.) 
356.6 pts. ethyl alcohol. 
370.0 pts. amyl alcohol (16-18°C.). 

(Zaloziecki.) 
Soluble in oil of turpentine^ volatile hydrocarbons. 



.'J'anners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



237 



SPECIFIC GEAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
CAEBONATE AT 59°F. (Lunge). 



Specific 


Degrees 


Degrees 


^ Per Cer 


It by Weight - 


Gravity 


Twaddle 


Baume 


NaoCOa 


NaaCOa, lOHjO 


1.000 








0.00 


0.00 


1.005 


1 


0.7 


0.45 


1.21 


1.010 


2 


1.4 


0.91 


2.46 


1.015 


3 


2.1 


1.39 


3:75 


1.020 


4 


2.7 


1.90 


5.13 


1.025 


5 


3.4 


2.35 


6.34 


1.030 


6 


4.1 


2.82 


7.61 


1.035 


7 


4.7 


3.27 


8.82 


1.040 


8 


5.4 


3.74 


10.09 


1.045 


9 


6.0 


4.21 


11.36 


1.050 


10 


6.7 


4.70 


12.63 


1.055 


11 


7.4 


5.17 


13.95 


1.060 


12 


8.0 


5.65 


15.24 


1.065 


13 


8.7 


6.15 


16.59 


1.070 


14 


9.4 


6.63 


17.89 


1.075 


15 


10.0 


7.08 


19.10 


1.080 


16 


10.6 


7.56 


20.40 


1.085 


17 


11.2 


8.03 


21.67 


1.090 


18 


11.9 


8.48 


22.88 


1.095 


19 


12.4 


8.90 


24.01 


1.100 


20 


13.0 


9.31 


25.12 


1.105 


21 


13.6 


9.80 


26.44 


1.110 


22 


14.2 


10.27 


27.71 


1.115 


23 


14.9 


10.75 


29.00 


1.120 


24 


15.4 


11.22 


30.27 


1.125 


25 


16.0 


11.67 . 


31.49 


1.130 


26 


16.5 


12.17 


32.83 


1.135 


27 


17.0 


12.64 


34.10 


1.140 


28 


17.7 


13.08 


35.29 


1.145 


29 


18.3 


13.50 


36.42 


1.150 


30 


18.8 


13.94 


37.61 


1.155 


31 


19.3 


14.34 


■ 38.69 



238 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF COKC. SOLUTIOI^S OF 
SODIUM CARBOFATE AT 86°P. (Lunge). 

Spc 



scific Gravity 


Degrees 


Degrees 


--Per Cent 


by Weight— N 


at 86° F. 


Twaddle ' 


Baume 


NaaCOs 


Na^COs. lOHjO 


1.310 


62 


34.2 


28.08 


■ 75.76 


1.305 


61 


33.7 


27.66 


74.63 


1.300 


GO 


33.3 


27.25 


73.52 


1.295 


59 


32.8 


26.84 


72.41 . 


1.290 , 


58 


32.4 


26.42 


71.28 


1.285 


57 


32.0 


26.00 


70.15 


1.280 


56 


31.5 


25.60 


69.07 


1.275 


55 


31.1 


25.18 


67.94 


1.270 


54 • 


30.6 


24.74 


66.75 


1.265 


53 


30.2 


24.28 


65.51 


1.260 


52 


29.7 


23.85 


64.35 


1.255 


51 


29.3 


23.43 


63.21 


1.250 


50 


28.8 


23.03 


62.14 


1.245 


49 


28.4 


22.63 


•61.06 


1.240 


48 


27.9 


22.22 


59.95 


1.235 


47 


27.4 


21.80 


58.82 


1.230 


46 


26.9 


21.37 


57.66 


1.225 


45 


26.4 


20.96 


56.55 


1.220 


44 


26.0 


20.55 


55.44 


1.215 


43 


25.5 


20.12 


54.28 


1.210 


42 


25.0 


19.67 


53.07 


1.205 


41 


24.5 


19.26 


51.96 


1.200 


40 


24.0 


18.83 


50.80 


1.195 


39 


23.5 


18.42 


49.70 


1.190 


38 


23.0 


18.00 


48.56 


1.185 


37 


22.5 


17.55 


47.35 


1.180 


36 


22.0 


17.09 


46.11 


1.175 


35 


21.4 


16.62 


44.84 


1.170 


34 


20.9 


16.16 


43.60 


1.165 


33 


20.3 


15.70 


42.36 


1.160 


32 


19.8 


15.25 


41.14 


1.155 


31 


19.3 


14.84 


40.04 


1.150 


30 


18.8 


14.42 


38.91 


1.145 


29 


18.3 


14.02 


37.83 


1.140 


28 


17.7 


13.61 


36.72 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



239 



SPECIFIC G-EAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF TARTAE 
EMETIC AT 17.5°C. (Streit).. 



Specific 
Gravity 

1.005 


Per Cent 

Tartar Emetic 

0.5 


1.007 


1.0 


1.009 


1.5 


1.012 


2.0 


1.015 


2.5 


1.018 


3.0 



Specific 
Gravity 

1.022 


Per Cent 
Tartar Emetic 

3.5 


1.027 


4.0 


1.031 


4.5 


1.035 


5.0 


1.038 


5.5 


1.044 


6.0 



SPECIFIC CEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF PYEOLIGNITE 
OF lEON AT 18°C. 



Specific 


Gram FeaO;! 


Gravity 


Per Liter 


1.274 


190 


1.266 


185 


1.258 


180 


1.250 


175 


1.242 


170 


1.235 


165 


1.228 


160 


1.221 


155 


1.214 


150 


1.207 


145 


1.200 


140 


1.193 


135 


1.186 


130 


1.179 


125 


1.172 


120 


1.165 


115 


1.158 


110 


1.151 


105 


1.144 


100 



Specific 


Gram Fe^O 


Gravity 


Per Liter 


1.137 


95 


1.130 


90 


1.123 


85 


1.116 


80 


1.109 


75 


1.102 


70 


1.095 


65 


1.088 


60 


1.081 


55 


1.074 


50 


1.067 


45 


1.060 


40 


1.053 


35 


1.046 


30 


1.039 


25 


1.032 


20 


1.025 


15 


1.018 


10 


1.010 


5 



240 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
CHLOEIDE AT 15°C. (59°F.) (Gerlacli). 



Specific Gravity 


fo 


Specific Gravity 


«/ 


Specific Gravity 


'k 


1.00725 


1 


1.07335 


10 


1.14315 


19 


1.01450 


2 


1.08097 


11 


1.15107 


20 


1.02174 


3 


1.08859 


12 


1.15931 


21 


1.02899 


4 


1.09622 


13 


1.16755 


22 


1.03624 


5 


1.10384 


14 


1.17580 


23 


1.04366 


6 


1.11146 


15 


1.18404 


24 


1.05108 


7 


1.11938 


16 


1.19228 


25 


1.05851 


8 


1.12730 


17 


1.20098 


26 


1.06593 


9 


1.13523 


18 


1.20433 


26.395 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF BAEIUM 
CHLOEIDE AT 2iy2°C. (70.7°F.) (ScMff). 



Specific Gravity 


0^ 

BaCU 
2H2O 


BaCls 


Specific Gravity 


"lo 
BaClo 
2H2O 


5i 

BaClo 


1.0073 


1 


0.853 


1.1302 


16 


13.641 


1.0147 


2 


1.705 


1.1394 


17 


14.494 


1.0222 


3 


2.558 


1.1488 


18 


15.346 


1.0298 


4 


3.410 


1.1584 


19 


16.199 


1.0374 


5 


4.263 


1.1683 


20 


17.051 


1.0452 


6 


5.115 


1.1783 


21 


17.904 


1.0530 


7 


5.968 


1.1884 


22 


18.756 


1.0610 


8 


6.821 


1.1986 


23 


19.609 


1.0692 


9 


7.673 


1.2090 


24 


20.461 


1.0776 


10 


8.526 


1.2197 


25 


21.314 


1.0861 


11 


9.379 


1.2304 


26 


22.166 


1.0947 


12 


10.231 


1.2413 


27 


23.019 


1.1034 


13 


11.084 


1.2523 


28 


23.871 


1.1122 


14 


11.936 


1.2636 


29 


24.724 


1.1211 


15 


12.789 


1.2750 


30 


25.577 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



241 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
SULPHATE AT 19°C. (66.2°F.) (Schiff). 



Specific Gravity 


Na2S04 
lOAq. 


NaoSO* 


Specific Gravity 


NaaSO* 
lOAq. 


1o 
. Na^SOi 


1.0040 


1 


.441 


1.0642 


16 


7.056 


1.0079 


2 


.881 


1.0683 


17 


7.497 


1.0118 


3 


1.323 


1.0725 


18 


7.938 


-1.0158 


4 


1.764 


1.0766 


19 


8.379 


1.0198 


5 


2.205 


1.0807 


20" 


8.820 


L0238 


6 


2.646 


1.0849 


21 


9.261 


1.0278 


7 


3.087 


1.0890 


22 


9.702 


1.0318 


8 


3.528 


1.0931 


23 


10.143 


1.0358 


9 


3.969 


1.0973 


24 


10.584 


1.0398 


10 


4.410 


1.1015 


25 


11.025 


1.0439 


11 


4.851 


1.1057 


26 


11.466 


1.0479 


12 


5.292 


1.1100 


27 


11.907 


1.0520 


13 


5.373 


1.1142 


28 


12.348 


1.0560 


14 


6.174 


1.1184 


29 


12.789 


1.0601 


15 


6.615 


1.1226 


30 


13.230 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
BICHEOMATE (Stanley). 



Specific Gravity 


1o 
Na^Cr^Or 


Specific Gravity 


1o 
NasCrsOr 


Specific Gravity 


1o 
NaaCrzOr 


1.007 
1.035 
1.071 
1.105 


1 

5 
10 
15 


1.141 
1.171 

1.208 
1.245 


20 
25 
30 
35 


1.280 
1.313 
1.343 


40 

45 
50 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OP SOLUTIONS OP POTASSIUM 
BICHEOMATE (Lunge). 





Specific Gravity 


1o 
K^Cr^O, 


Specific Gravity 


K.Cr.O^ 


Specific Gravity 


1 


1.007 


6 


1.043 


11 


1.080 


2 


1.015 


7 


1.050 


12 


1.087 


3 


1.022 


8 . 


1.056 


13 


1.095 


4 


1.030 


9 


1.065 


14 


1.102 


5 


1.037 


10 


1.073 


15 


1.110 



242 



Tanneks' and Chemists" Handbook. 



STEENGTH OF ETHYL ALCOHOL (Fownes) 



Specific 


1o by 


Specific 


■ft. bv 


Specific 


4> by 


Specific 


1o by 


Gravity 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 


0.9991 


0.5 


0.9638 


26 


0.9160 


51 


0.8581 


76 


0.9981 


1 


0.9623 


27 


0.9135 


52 


0.8557 


77 


0.9965 


2 


0.9609 


28 


0.9113 


53 


0.8533 


78 


0.9947 


3 


0.9593 


29 


0.9090 


54 


•0.8508 


79 


0.9930 


4 


0.9578 


30 


0.9069 


55 


0.8483 


80 


0.9914 


5 


0.9560 


31 


0.9047 


56 


0.8459 


81 


0.9898 


6 


0.9544 


32 


0.9025 


57" 


0.8434 


82 


0.9884 


7 


0.9528 


33 


0.9001 


58 


0.8408 


83 


0.9869 


8 


0.9511 


34 


0.8979 


59 


0.8382 


84 


0.9855 


9 


0.9490 


35 


0.8956 


60 


0.8357 


85 


0.9841 


10 


0.9470 


36 


0.8932 


61 


0.8331 


86 


0.9828 


11 


0.9452 


37 


0.8908 


62 


0.8305 


87 


0.9815 


12 


0.9434 


38 


0.8886 


63 


0.8279 


88 


0.9802 


13 


0.9416 


39 


0.8863 


64 


0.8254 


89 


0.9789 


14 


0.9396 


40 


0.8840 


65 


0.8228 


90 


0.9778 


15 


0.9376 


41 


0.8816 


66 


0.8199 


91 


0.9766 


16 


0.9356 


42 


0.8793 


67 


0.8172 


92 


0.9753 


17 


0.9335 


43 


0.8769 


68 


0.8145 


93 


0.9741 


18 


0.9314 


44 


0.8745 


69 


0.8118 


94 


0.9728 


19 


0.9292 


45 


0.8721 


70 


0.8089 


95 


0.9716 


20 


0.9270 


46 


0.8696 


71 


0.8061 


96 


0.9704 


21 


0.9249 


47 


0.8672 


72 


0.8031 


97 


0.9691 


22 


0.9228 


48 


0.8649 


73 


0.8001 


98 


0.9678 


23 


0.9206 


49 


0.8625 


74 


0.7969 


99 


0.9665 


24 


0.9184 


50 


0.8603 


75 


0.7938 


100 


0.9652 


25 















Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



243 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF METHYL ALCOHOL AT 15.5 °C. 

(Ure). 



H^hy 


Specific 


1 "'oby 


Specific 


fc by 


Specific 


1 ^ by 


Specific 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 


Gravity 


Weight 

1 


Gravity 


100.00 


0.8136 


82.00 


.8674 


69.44 


.9008 


53.70 


.9344 


98.00 


.8216 


80.64 


.8712 


68.50 


.9032 


51.84 


.9386 


96.11 


.8256 


79.36 


.8742 


67.56 


.9060 


50.00 


.9414 


94.34 


.8320 


78.13 


.8784 


66.66 


.9070 


47.62 


.9448 


92.22 


.8384 


77.00 


.8820 


65.00 


.9116 


46.00 


.9484 


90.90 


.8418 


75.76 


.8842 


63.30 


.9154 


43.48 


.9518 


89.30 


.8470 


74.63 


.8876 


61.73 


.9184 


41.66 


.9540 


87.72 


.8514 


73.53 


.8918 


60.24 


.9218 


40.00 


.9564 


86.20 


.8564 


72.46 


.8930 


58.82 


.9248 


38.46 


.9584 


84.75 


.8596 


71.43 


.8950 


57.73 


.9266 


37.11 


.9600 


83.33 


.8642 


70.42 


.8984 


56.18 


.9296 


35.71 


.9620 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GRAPE SUGAR AT 17.5 °C. 

(Salomon). 



fo Specific Gravily 


« 


Specific Gravity 


fo 


Specific Gravity 


5 

10 
- 15 

20 


1.0192 
1.0381 
1.0571 
1.0762 


25 
30 
35 
40 


1.0946 

1.1130 
1.1310 
1.1494 


45 
50 
55 
60 


1.1680 
1.1863 
1.2040 
1.2218 



344 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF GLYCERINE. 



a Water 


Specific Gravity 
(Champion 
and Pellet) 


Be 
(Berthelot) 


?4 Water 


Specific Gravity 
(Champion 
and Pellet) 


Be 
(Berthelot) 





1.2640 


31.2 


11.0 


1.2350 


28.6 


0.5 


1.2625 


31.0 


11.5 


1.2335 


28.4 


1.0 


1.2612 


30.9 


12.0 


1.2322 


28.3 


1.5 


1.2600 


30.8 


12.5 


1.2307 


28.2 


3.0 


1.2585 


30.7 


13.0 


1.2295 


28.0 


2.5 


1.2575 


30.6 


13.5 


1.2280 


27.8 


3.0 


1.2560 


30.4 


14.0 


1.2270 


27.7 


3.5 


1.2545 


30.3 


14.5 


1.2255 


27.6 


4.0 


1.2532 


30.2 


15.0 


1.2242 


27.4 


4.5 


1.2520 


30.1 


15.5 


1.2230 


27.3 


5.0 


1.2505 


30.0 


16.0 


1.2217 


27.2 


5.5 


1.2490 


29.9 


16.5 


1.2202 


27.0 


6.0 


1.2480 


29.8 


17.0 


1.2190 


26.9 


6.5 


1.2465 


29.7 


17.5 


1.2177 


26.8 


7.0 


1.2455 


29.6 


18.0 


1.2165 


26.7 


7.5 


1.2440 


29.5 


18.5 


1.2150 


26.5 


8.0 


1.2427 


29.3 


19.0 


1.2137 


26.4 


8.5 


1.2412 


29.2 


19.5 


1.2125 


26.3 


9.0 


1.2400 


29.0 


20.0 


1.2112 


26.2 


9.5 


1.2390 


28.9 


20.5 


1.2100 


26.0 


10.0 


1.2375 


28.8 


21.0 


1.2085 


25.9 


10.5 


1.2362 


28.7 









kSPECIFIC GEAYITY OF SOLUTIONS OF POTASSIUM 
CHROMATB AT 19y2°C. (67°F.) (Schiff). 



Sp. Gr. 


9'o 


Sp. Gr. 


'fo 


Sp. Gr. 


fo 1 


5p. Gr. 


fo 


1.0080 


1 


1.0925 


11 


1.1864 


21 


1.2921 


31 


L0161 


2 


1.1014 


12 


1.1964 


22 


1.3035 


32 


1.0243 


3 


1.1104 


13 


1.2066 


23 


1.3151 


33 


1.0325 


4 


1.1195 


14 


1.2169 


24 


1.3268 


34 


1.0408 


5 


1.1287 


15 


1.2274 


25 


1.3386 


35 


1.0492 


6 


1.1380 


16 


1.2379 


26 


1.3505 


36 


1.0576 


7 


1.1474 


17 


1.2485 


27 


1.3625 


37 


1.0663 


8 


1.1570 


18 


1.2592 


28 


1.3746 


38 


1.0750 


9 


1.1667 


19 


1.2700 


29 


1.3868 


39 


1.0837 


10 


1.1765 


20 


1.2808 


30 


1.3991 


40 



BOSTON PROVIDENCE PHILADELPHIA CHICAGO 
ALBANY CHARLOTTE. N. C. TORONTO. CAN. 

117 Hudson Street, NEW YORK 

Farbenfabriken 
of Elberf eld Company 

Sole Importers of the Produdls Manufadured by 

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Albany, N. Y. 

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for all purposes 



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ALIZARINES, SUBSTANTIVE 

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Speciahies for Vegetable Tannage 

TABLE BLACKS CORIPHOSPHINE 
BASIC COLORS 

and 
Products Soluble in Alcohol, Acetone. Benzine, Turpentine, Etc 



Monopole Soap, Tetrapole 



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FINISHES 

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Send us a sample order. We can please you. 



Crow Blacking Company 

CANTON JUNCTION, MASS., U. S. A. 
fa" =B 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



245 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM 
THIOSULPHATE AT 19°C. (66.2°F.) (Schiff). 



Sp. Gr. 


6 g 

Z^ 


Na=S,03 


Sp. Gr. 


am 

z 


NasSjOj 


Sp, Gr. 


d 

Sm 
Z 


NajSjO, 


1.0052 


1 


0.637 


1.0975 


18 


11.467 


1.1986 


35 


22.298 


1.^05 


2 


1.274 


1.1031 


19 


12.105 


1.2048 


36 


22.935 


1.0158 


3 


1.911 


1.1087 


20 


12.742 


1.2110 


37 


23.572 


1.0211 


4 


2.584 


1.1145 


21 


13.379 


1.2172 


38 


24.209 


1.0264 


5 


3.185 


1.1204 


22 


14.016 


1.2234 


39 


24.846 


1.0317 


6 


3.822 


1.1263 


23 


14.653 


1.2297 


40 


25.484 


1.0370 


7 


4.459 


1.1322 


24 


15.290 


1.2362 


41 


26.121 


1.0423 


8 


5.096 


1.1381 


25 


15.927 


1.2427 


42 


26.758 


1.0476 


9 


5.733 


1.1440 


26 


16.564 


1.2492 


43 


27.395 


1.0529 


10 


6.371 


1.1499 


27 


17.201 


1.2558 


44 


28.032 


1.0584 


11 


7.008 


1.1558 


28 


17.838 


1.2624 


45 


28.669 


1.0639 


12 


7.645 


1.1617 


29 


18.475 


1.2690 


46 


29.306 


1.0695 


13 


8.282 


1.1676 


30 


19.113 


1.2756 


47 


29.943 


1.0751 


14 


8.919 


1.1738 


31 


19.750 


1.2822 


48 


30.580 


1.0807 


15 


9.556 


1.1800 


32 


20.387 


1.2888 


49 


31.218 


1.0863 


16 


10.193 


1.1862 


33 


21.024 


1.2954 


50 


31.855 


1.0919 


17 


10.830 


1.1924 


34 


21.661 









SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF CHEOMIUM 
CHLORIDE AT 15°C. (60°F). 



Sp. Gr. 


°Be. 


Gr. CroOs 
in Liter 


Sp. Gr. 


°Be. 


Gr.CroOa 
in Liter 


1.008 


1.2 


5 


1.148 


18.6 


90 


1.016 


2.3 


10 


1.164 


20.2 


100 


1.032 


4.3 


20 


1.180 


22.0 


110 


1.048 


6.5 


30 


1.197 


23.8 


120 


1.065 


8.7 


40 


1.213 


25.3 


130 


1.082 


10.9 


50 


1.229 


26.8 


140 


1.098 


12.9 


60 


1.245 


28.4 


150 


1.115 


14.9 


70 


1.261 


29.8 


160 


1.310 


16.6 


80 


1.276 


31.2 


170 



246 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SOLUTIONS OF SULPHATE 
MAGKESIUM AT 15°C. (60°F.) (Gerlach). 



Specific Gravity 


Per Cent MgSO* 


Specific Gravity 


Per Cent MgSOi 


1.02062 


2 


1.17420 


16 


1.04123 


4 


1.19816 


18 


1.06229 


6 


1.22212 


20 


1.08379 


8 


1.24718 


22 


1.10529 


10 


1.27225 


24 


1.12806 


12 


1.28802 


25 sat. 


1.15083 


14 







SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CHLOPtlDE m WATER.- 



t° 


Solubility 


t" 


t 

Solubility ! 


t° 


Solubility 


0° 


49.6 


30° 


93 


70° 


136 


5 


54.0 


33 


100 


80 


142 


10 


60.0 


35 


104 


90 


147 


15 


66.0 


40 


110 


95 


151 


20 


74.0 


50 


120 


99 


154 


25 


82.0 


60 


129 







SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CAEBONATE IK CO. 
CONTAIlSriNO WATER. 



Pressure of 

COjE 


Dissolved 

CO5 and CaO 

inlL. at 16°. 

mg. 


CaCO,, 
mg. 


Pressure of 
CO5 


Dissolved 

CO2 and CaO 

inlL. at 16°. 

mg. 


CaCOa 

mg. 


0.000504 


60.96 


74.6 


0.1422 




533.0 


0.000808 


72.11 


85.0 


0.2538 


1073 


663.4 


0.00333 


123.00 


137.2 


0.4167 


1500 


787.5 


0.01387 


218.40 


223.1 


0.5533 


1846 


885.5 


0.0282 


310.4 


296.5 


0.7297 


2270 


972.0 


0.05008 


408.5 


360.0 


0.9841 


2864 


1086.0 



*Buchka, Physical Tables. 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



24, 



SOLUBILITY OF LIME IN WATER (G-uthrie). 
100 cc. of saturated lime water at 5°C. contain 0.1350 gm. of CaO. 



10°C. 


0.1342 


15°C. 


0.1320 


20°C. 


0.1293 


25°C. 


0.1254 


30° C. 


0.1219 


35°C. 


0.1161 


40° C. 


0.1119 


50°C. 


0.0981 


60°C. 


0.0879 


70° C. 


0.0781 


80° C. 


0.0740 


90°C. 


0.0696 


100°C. 


0.0597 



SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM SULPHATE IN WATER.* 
CaSOi-2H20 — One Part of Salt Dissolves in Parts Water. 



t 


Parts Water 


t 


Parts Water 


t 


Parts Water 


QO . 


415 


38° 


368 


72° 


391 


18 


386 


41 


370 


86 


417 


24 


378 


53 


375 


99 


351 


32 


371 











SOLUBILITY OP POTASSIUM CHROMATE IN WATER. 



t 


Solubility 


^ t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


0° 


58.90 


40° 


66.98 


80° 


75.06 


10 


60.92 


50 


69.00 


90 


77.06 


20 


62.94 


60 


71.02 


100 


79.10 


30 


64.96 


70 


73.04 







SOLUBILITY OF BROMINE IN WATER.* 



t 


Per Cent Br 


t 


Per Cent Br 


t 


Per Cent ^r 


5° 
10 


3.600 

3.327 


15° 
20 


3.226 

3.208 


25° 
30 


3.67 

3.126 



*Buchka, Ph3rsical Tables. 



248 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SOLUBILITY OF ALUMINUM SULPHATE IK A¥ATER.* 



t 


Anhydrous 
Salt 


Crystalized 
Salt 


Anhydrous 
' Salt 


Crystalized 
Salt 


0° 
10° 

30° 


31.3 
33.5 

36.15 


86.85 

95.8 

107.35 


50° 

70° 

100° 


53.13 
66.33 
89.11 


301.4 

348.3 
1133.0 



SOLUBILITY" OF POTASH ALUM IF WATEE.^ 



t 


Anhydrous 
Salt 


Crystalized 

Salt 


t 


Anhydrous 
Salt 


Crystslized 
Salt 


0° 


3.1 


3.9 


60° 


36.7 


66.6 


10 


5.0 


9,5 


70 


35.1 


90.7 


30 


7.7 


15.1 


80 


45.7 


134.5 


30 


11.0 


33.0 


90 


58.6 


309.3 


40 


14.9 


31.0 


100 


74.5 


357.5 


50 


30.1 


44.1 









SOLUBILITY OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER. =^ 



t j Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


0° 


38.4 


40° 


46.16 


80° 


63.93 


10 


33.84 


50 


50.60 


90 


68.36 


30 


37.38 


60 


55.04 


100 


.73.80 


30 


41.73 


70 


^59.48 


110 


77.34 



SOLUBILITr OF BARIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER.* 



t Solubility 


t 


SolubiUty 


t 


Solubility 


5° 
10 
15 

30 


33.3 
33.3 
34.5 
35.7 


30° 
40 
50 
60 


38.3 
40.8 
43.6 
46.4 


70° 
80 
90 
100 


49.4 
53.4 
55.6 

57.8 



*Biichka, Ph5'Sical Tables. 



Tannbes' and Chemists' Handbook. 



249 



SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE IN WATER 

(Mulder). 

Water-Free Salt. 



t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


16° 

20 
25 


65 
69 

75 


30° 

35 

40 


82 
89 
98 


45° 

47 


109 

114 



SOLUBILITY OF TARTAE EMETIC IN WATER. 

100 parts of water dissolve at : 

7°C. 5.36 parts of tartar emetic, 
21°C. 7.94 " 
31° C. 12.20 " 
50°C. 18.18 " 
75°C. 31.21 " 



■SOLUBILITY 


OF POTASSIUM BICHROMATE IN 




WATER.* 






Sol 


ability 


t 


Solubility 




Allnard 


Kremers 


Allnard ! Kremers 


0° 


4.6 


4.97 


60° 


45.0 


50.5 


10 


7.4 


8.5 


70 


56.7 




30 


13.4 


13.1 


80 


68.6 


73.0 


30 


18.4 




90 


81.1 




40 


35.9 


29.1 


100 


94.1 


103.0 


50 


35.0 











SOLUBILITY OF COPPER SULPHATE IN WATER.* 



t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


• t 


Solubility 


9° 


31.61 


40° 


56.90 


80° 


118.03 


10 


36.95 


50 


65.83 


90 


156.44 


20 


43.31 


60 


77.39 


100 


303.33 


30 


48.81 


70 


94.60 




- 



All temperatures are degrees centigrade. 
*Buehka, Physical Tables. 



250 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SOLUBILITY OF MAOKESIUM SULPHATE IK WATER.* 



t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


0° 


26.9 


40° 


45.6 


75° 


61.9 


5 


29.3 


45 


48.0 


80 


64.2 


10 


31.5 


50 


50.3 


85 


66.5 


15 


33.8 


55 


52.7 


90 


68.9 


20 


36.2 


60 


55.0 


95 


71.4 


35 


38.5 


65 


57.3 


100 


73.8 


30 


40.9 


70 


59.6 


105 


77.9 


35 


43:3 











SOLUBILITY OP SODIUM CHLORIDE IN WATER.* 



t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


—14.00° 


32.5 


15.60 


35.76 


59.75 


37.31 


—13.8 


32.15 


20.85 


35.63 


71.30 


37.96 


— 6.25 


34.22 


25.45 


35.90 


74.45 


37.96 


— 5.95 


34.17 


38.55 


36.52 


82.05 


38.41 


0.0 


35.6 


44.75 


36.64 


86.7 


38.47 


+ 3.6 


35.79 


52.50 


37.04 


93.65 


38.90 


5.3 


35.94 


55.00 


36.99 


101.7 


40.76 


14.45 


35.94 











SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM SULPHATE IK WATER.* 



t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


t 


Solubility 


0° 


5.02 


20° 


19.40 


33° 


50.76 


10 


9.00 


25 


28.00 


34 


55.00 


15 


13.20 


26 


30.00 


35 


50.20 


18 


16.80 


30 


40.00 


40 


48.80 



All temperatures are degrees centigrade. 
*B"iichka;, Physical Tables. 



Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 



261 



FOEMIC ACID AT 2074° (Eichardson & Allaire), 



1 K^ 



















% 
CH5O5 

by vol. 


Sp. Gr. 


t 


% 

by vol . 


Sp. Gr. 


X >. 
0-° 


% 
CH5O5 

by vol. 


.9983 





.00 


1.0247 


10 


8.40 


1.1425 


60 


56.13 


1.0020 


1 


.82 


1.0371 


15 


12.80 


1.1544 


65 


61.44 


1.0045 


2 


1.64 


1.0489 


20 


17.17 


1.1656 


70 


66.80 


1.0071 


3 


2.48 


1.0710 


25 


21.73 


1.1770 


75 


72.27 


J.0094 


4 


3.30 


1.0730 


30 


26.37 


1.1861 


80 


77.67 


1.0116 


5 


4.14 


1.0848 


35 


31.10 


1.1954 


85 


83.19 


1.0142 


6 


4.98 


1.0964 


40 


35.90 


1.2045 


90 


88.74 


1.0171 


7 


5.81 


1.1086 


45 


40.82 


1.2141 


95 


94.48 


1.019.7 


8 


6.68 


1.1208 


50 


45.88 


1.2213 


100 


100.00 


1.0220 


9 


7.55 


1.1321 


55 


51.01 









TANNIC ACID SOLUTION AT 15°C. (Trammer), 



Sp. Gr. 


% 

Tannin 


Sp. Gr. 


% 

Tannin 


Sp. Gr. 


% 

Tanninn 


Sp. Gr. 


% 

Tannin 


1.0040 


1.0 


1.0092 


2.3 


1.0140 


3.5 


1.0188 


4.7 


1.0044 


1.1 


1.0096 


2.4 


1.0144 


3.6 


1.0192 


4.8 


1.0048 


1.2 


1.0100 


2.5 


1.0148 


3.7 


1.0196 


4.9 


1.0052 


1.3 


1.0104 


2.6 


1.0152 


3.8 


1.0200 


5.0 


1.0056 


1.4 


1.0108 


2.7 


1.0156 


3.9 


1.0242 


6.0 


1.0060 


1.5 


1.0112 


2.8 


1.0160 


4.0 


1.0324 


8.0 


1.0064 


1.6 


1.0116 


2.9 


1.0164 


4.1 


1.0406 


10 


1.0072 


1.8 


1.0124 


3.1 


1.0172 


4.3 


1.0572 


14 


1.0076 


1.9 


1.0128 


3.2 


1.0176 


4.4 " 


1.0656 


16 


1.0080 


2.0 


1.0132 


3.3 


1.0180 


4.5 


1.0740 


18 


1.0084 


2.1 


1.0136 


3.4 


1.0184 


4.6 


1.0824 


20 


1.0088 


2.2 















252 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

SP. GE. OP ACETIC ACID AT 15° (Ondemans). 



Sp. Gr. 


% 


Sp. Gr. 


% 


Sp. Gr. 


% 


Sp. Gr. 


% 


0.9992 





1.0363 


26 


1.0631 


52 


1.0748 


77 


1.0007 


1 


1.0375 


27 


1.0638 


53 


1.0748 


78 


1.0022 


2 


1.0388 


28 


1.0646 


54 


1.0748 


79 


1.0037 


3 


1.0400 


29 


1.0653 


55 


1.0748 


80 


1.0052 


4 


1.0412 


30 


1.0660 


56 


1.0747 


81 


1.0067 


5 


1.0424 


31 


1.0666 


57 


1.0746 


82 


1.0083 


G 


1.0436 


32 


1.0673 


58 


1.0744 


dv! 


1.0098 


7 


1.0447 


33 


1.0679 


59 


1.0742 


84 


1.0113 


8 


1.0459 


34 


1.0685 


60 


1.0739 


85 


1.0127 


9 


1.0470 


35 


1.0691 


61 


1.0736 


86 


1.0142 


10 


1.0481 


36 


1.0697 


62 


1.0731 


87 


1.0157 


11 


1.0492 


37 


1.0702 


63 


1.0726 


88 


1.0171 


12 


1.0502 


38 


1.0707 


64 


1.0720 


89 


1.0185 


13 


1.0513 


39 


1.0712 


65 


1.0713 


90 


1.0200 


14 


1.0523 


40 


1.0717 


66 


1.0705 


91 


1.0214 


15 


1.0533 


41 


1.0721 


67 


1.0696 


92 


1.0228 


16 


1.0543 


42 


1.0725 


68 


1.0686 


93 


1.0242 


17 


1.0552 


43 


1.0729 


69 


1.0674 


94 


1.0256 


18 


1.0562 


44 


1.0733 


70 


1.0660 


95 


1.0270 


19 


1.0571 


45 


1.0737 


71 


1.0644 


96 


1.0284 


20 


1.0580 


46 


1.0740 


72 


1.0625 


97 


1.0298 


21 


1.0589 


47 


1.0742 


73 


1.0604 


98 


1.0311 


22 


1.0598 


48 


1.0744 


74 


1.0580 


99 


1.0324 


23 


1.0607 


49 


1.0746 


75 


1.0553 


100 


1.0337 


24 


1.0615 


50 


1.0747 


76 






1.0350 


25 


1.0623 


51 











SPECIPIC GRAVITY OP PEEROUS SULPHATE SOLU- 
TION AT 15°C. (59°P.). 



e -r D r^ , Per Cent 
Specific ! PS--Ce"' : FeSO. 
Gravily FeSO, ; .^7^^ 


Specific Per Cent 
Gravity FeSO* 


Per Cent 
FeSO* 

-|-7Aq. 


1.0267 
1.0537 
1.0823 
1.1124 


2.811 

5.784 

8.734 

12.277 


5 
10 
15 

20 


1.1430 

1.1738 
1.2063 
1.2391 


15.834 
19.622 
23.672 
27.995 


25 
30 
35 
40 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



253 



SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF CHROMIUM SULPHATE AT 
15°C. (59°F.) (Gerlach). 



Specific Gravity 


Specific Gravity 


Per Cent : 


Per Cent., 


Violet Modification 


Green Modification 


Crj(S04)3 


Cr5(S04)3+18Ij30, 


1.038 


1.034 


3.799 


6.897 


1.075 


1.068 


7.283 


13.291 


1.110 


1.102 


10.542 


19.238 


- 1.145 


1.136 


13.579 


24.779 


1.178 


1.168 


16.416 


39.957 


1.211 


1.201 


19.072 


34.804 


1.337 


1.316 


28.202 


61.464 




1.445 


37.075 


67.657 





1.556 


43.996 


80.287, 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CHROME ALUM SOLUTIOI^ 
AT 17.5°C. (Franz). 



Specific Gravity 


Per Cent 
K^Crz(S04)4+24Aq 


Specific Gravity 


Per Cent 
K%Cri(S04)4+24Aq 


1.0174 
1.0342 
1.0746 
1.1274 


5 
10 
20 
30 


1.1896 

1.2894 
1.4566 
1.6362 


40 
50 
60 

70 ■ ' 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COPPER SULPHATE SOLU- 
TION AT 18°C. (65°F.). 



Specific 
Gravity 


Per Cent 

CuS04 

+5A<; 


Specific 
Gravity 


Per Cent 
CuSOi 

+5Aq. 


Specific 
- Gravity 


Per Cent 


1.0063 


1 


1.0716 


11 


1.1427 


• 31 


1.0126 


2 


1.0785 


12 


1.1501 


i 32 


1.0190 


3 


1.0854 


13 


1.1585 


; 33 


1.0354 


4 


1.0923 


14 


1.1699 


34 


1.0319 


5 


1.0993 


15 


1.1738 


35 


1.0384 


6 


1.1063 


16 


1.1817 


26 


L0450 


7 


1.1135 


17 


1.1898 


37 


1.0516 


8 


1.208 


18 


1.1980 


28 


1.0582 


9 


1.281 


19 


1.3063 


29 


1.0649 


10 


1.354 


20 


1.3146 


30 



254- 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



SPECIFIC GEAVITY OF SODIUM BISULPHITE SOLU- 
TlOi^r AT 15°C. (59°F.). 



Specific 


Degrres 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Specific 


Degrees 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Gravity 


Baume 


NaHSOn 


SO2 


Gravity 


Baume 


NaHSUa 


SOi 


1.008 


1 


1.6 


0.4 


1.171 


21 


16.5 


10.2 


1.022 


3 


2.1 


1.3 


1.190 


23 


18.5 


11.5 


1.038 


5 


3.6 


2.2 


1.210 


25 


20.9 


12.9 


1.052 


7 


5.1 


3.1 


1.240 


27 


23.5 


14.5 


1.068 


9 


•6.5 


3.9 


1.252 


29 


25.9 


15.9 


1.084 


11 


8.0 


4.8 


1.275 


31 


28.9 


17.8 


1.100 


13 


9.5 


5.7 


1.298 


33 


31.7 


19.6 


1.116 


15 


11.2 


6.8 


1.321 


35 


34.7 


22.5 


1.134 


17 


12.8 


7.8 


1.345 


37 


38.0 


23.6 


1.152 


19 


14.6 


9.0 











SPECIFIC GEAYITY OF SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE 
SOLUTION AT 19°C. (66°F.) (Schiff). 



Specific 
Gravity 




|3 

Q.Z 




so 


so 




1 
50 =6 

o-zS D-Z 


1.0052 


1 


0.637 


1.0975 


18 


11.467 


1.1986 


35 


22.298 


1.0105 


2 


1.274 


1.1031 


19 


12.105 


1.2048 


36 


22.935 


1.0158 


3 


1.911 


1.1087 


20 


12.742 


1.2110 


37 


23.572 


1.0211 


4 


2.584 


1.1145 


21 


13.379 


1.2172 


38 


24.209 


1.0264 


5 


3.185 


1.1204 


22 


14.016 


1.2234 


39 


24.846 


1.0317 


6 


3.822 


1.1263 


23 


14.653 


1.2297 


40 


25.484 


1.0370 


7 


4.459 


1.1322 


24 


15.290 


1.2362 


41 


26.121 


1.0423 


8 


5.096 


1.1381 


25 


15.927 


1.2427 


42 


26.758 


1.0.476 


9 


5.733 


1.1440 


26 


16.564 


1.2492 


43 


27.395 


1.0529 


10 


6.371 


1.1499 


27 


17.201 


1.2558 


44 


28.032 


1.0584 


11 


7.008 


1.1558 


28 


17.838 


1.2624 


45 


28.669 


1.0639 


12 


7.645 


1.1617 


29 


18.475 


1.2690 


46 


29.306 


1.0695 


13 


8.282 


1.1676 


30 


19.113 


1.2756 


47 


29.943 


1.0751 


14 


8.919 


1.1738 


31 


19.750 


1.2822 


48 


30.580 


1.0807 


15 


9.556 


1.1800 


32 


20.387 


1.2888 


49 


31.218 


1.0863 


16 


10.193 


1.1862 


33 


21.024 


1.2954 


50 


31.855 


1.0919 


17 


10.830 


1.1924 


34 


21.661 









Tanners' and Ghemists' Handbook. 



255 



SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SODIUM BORATE (BORAX) 
SOLUTION AT 15°C. (59°F.) 



Specific Gravity 


Per Cent 
Na2B40, 
+10Aq. 


Specific Gravity 


.Per Cent 

+l()Aa 


Specific Gravity 


Per Cent 
Na2B407 
+10Aq. 


1.0049 
1.0099 


1 

2 


1.0149 
1.0199 


3 

4 


1.0249 
1.0299 


5 
6 



CONVERSION OF PRICE PER POUND INTO PRICE 
PER OUNCE: 



1/16C ] 


Der lb 


. = $ 


0.0000390625 


per ounce 


Vsc 




^ 


.000078125 




3/16C 




:= 


.0001171875 




1/4C 




= 


.00015625 




5/16C 




== 


.0001953125 




%c 




= 


.000234375 


a 


7/16C 




== 


.0002634475 




i/,c 




= 


.00029251 




9/lGc 




= 


.0003315725 




%c 




= 


.000370645 




11/lGc 




= 


.0004097075 




34c 




= 


.00046875 




13/lGc 




= 


.0005078125 




%c 




= - 


.000546875 




15/lGc 




= 


.0005859375 




Ic 




= 


.000625 




2c 




= 


.00125 




3c 




= 


.001875 




4c 




= 


.0025 




5c 




= 


.003125 




6c 




= 


.00375 ^ 




7c 




= 


.004375 




8c 




= 


.005 




9c 







.005625 




10c 




= 


.00625 




lie 




= 


.006875 




12c 




= 


.0075 




13c 




=-. 


.008125 




14c 




= 


.00875 




15c 




= 


.009375 




16c 







.01 




17c 




= 


.010625 




18c 




= 


.01125 ' 




19c 




■ 


.011875 




20c 




^= 


.0125 





256 



Tanners" and Chemists" Handbook. 



PEICE IF DOLLAES PEE POUFD CONVEETED INTO 
MAEKS PEE KILO. 

( Exchange $1.00 per 4.21 1/19 Marks: ) 



$ c. 


M.Pf. 


$ c. 


M.Pf. 


$ .c. 


M.Pf. 


1/2 


0.046 


46 


4.27 


92 


8.54 


1 


0.093 


47" 


4.36 


93 


8.63 


2 


0.19 


48 


4.46 


94 


8.73 


3 


0.28 


49 


4.55 


95 


8.83 


4 


0.37 


50 


4.64 


96 


8.91 


5 


0.46 


51 


4.73 


97 


9.00 


6 


0.56 


52 


4.83 


98 


9.10 


7 


0.65 


53 


4.92 


99 


9.19 


8 


0.74 


54 


5.01 . 


1.00 


9.38 


9 


0.84 


55 


5.11 


1.05 


9.75 


10 


0.93 


56 


5.20 


1.10 


10.31 


11 


1.02 


57 


' 5.29 


1.15 


10.68 


13 


1.11 


58 


5.38 


1.20 


11.14 


13 


1.21 


59 


5.48 


1.25 


11.60 


14 


1.30 


60 


: 5.57 


1.30 


13.07 


15 


1.39 


61 


5.66 


1.35 


13.53 


16 


1.49 


62 


5.76 


1.40 


13.00 


17 


1.58 


63 


5.85 


1.45 


13.46 


18 


1.67 


64 


5.94 


1.50 


13.93 


19 


1.76 


65 


6.03 


1.55 


14.39 


20 


1.86 


66 


6.13 


1.60 


14.85 


21 


1.95 


67 


6.22 


1.65 


15.38 


22 


3.04 


68 


6.31 


1.70 


15.78 


33 


2.14 


69 


6.41 


1.75 


16.34 


24 


3.23 


70 


6.50 


1.80 


16.71 


25 


2.32 


71 


6.59 


1.85 • 


17.17 


26 


2.41 


72 


6.68 


1.90 


17.64 


27 


2.51 


73 


6.78 


1.95 


18.10 


38 


2.60 


74 


6.87 


3.00 


18.57 


39 


2.69 


75 


6.96 


2.50 


33.31 


. 30 


2.78 


76 


7.05 


3.00 


37.85 


31 


2.88 


77 


7.15 


3.50 


32.49 


33 


2.97 


78 


7.24 


4.00 


37.13 


33 


3.06 


79 


7.33 


4.50 


41.77 


34 


3.16 


80 


7.43 


5.00 


46.41 


35 


3.25 


81 


7.52 


5.50 


51.05 


36 


3.34 


82 


7.61 


6.00 


55.70 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 



257 



PEICE IN DOLLAES PER POUND CONVERTED INTO 

MARKS PER KILO— Continued. 

(Exchange $1.00 per 4.21 1/19 Marks.) 



$ c. 


M.Pf. 


$ c. 


M.Pf. 


$ c. 


M.Pf. 


37 


3.43 


83 


7.70 


6.50 


60.34 


38 


3.53 


84 


7.80 


7.00 


64.98 


39 


3.62 


85 


.7.89 


7.50 


69.62 


lo 


3.71 


86 


7,98 


8.00 


74.26 


41 


3.81 


87 


8.08 


8.50 


78.90 


42 


3.90 


88 , 


8.17 . 


9.00 


83.54 


43 


3.99 


89 


8.26- 


9.50 


88.19 


.44 


4.08 


90 


8.35 


10.00 


92.83 


45 


4.18 


91 


8.45 







FRANCS CONVERTED INTO DOLLARS AND CENTS. 
(Exchange 19.3 Cents = 1 Franc.) 



U - 

te. 


o 
Q 


c 


Q 


b 


Q 


-u. 


u 

"o 
Q 


1 


.193 


54 


10.422 


800 


154.40 


6100 


1177.30 


-2 


.386 


55 


10.615 


900 


173.70 


6200 


1196.60 


3 


.579 


56 


10.808 


1000 


193.00 


6300 


1215.90 


4 


.772 


57 


11.001 


1100 


212.30 


6400 


1235.20 


5 


.965 


58 


11.194 


1200 


231.60 


6500 


1254.50 


6 


1.158 


59 


11.387 


1300 


250.90 


6600 


1273.80 


7 


1.351 


60 


11.58 


1400 


270.20 


6700 


1293.10 


8 


1.544 


61 


11.773 


1500 


289.50 


6800 


1312.40 


9 


1.737 


62 


11.966 


1600 


308.80 


6900 


1331.70 


10 


1.93 


63 


12.159 


1700 


328.10 


7000 


1351.00 


11 


2.123 


64 


12.352 


1800 


347.40 


7100 


1370.30 


12 


2.316 


65 


12.545 


1900 


366.70 


7200 


1389.60 


13 


2.509 


66 


12.738 


2000 


386.00 


7300 


1408.90 


14 


2.702 


67 


12.931 


2100 


405.30 


7400 


1428.20 


. 15 


3.895 


68 


13.124 


2200 


424.60 


7500 


1447.50 


16 


3.088 


69 


13.317 


2300 


443.90 


7600 


1466.80 


17 


3.281 


70 


13.51 


2400 


463.20 


7700 


1486.10 


18 


3.474 


71 


13.703 


2500 


482.50 


7800 


1505.40 



258 



Tannees'' and Chemists' Handbook. 



PEANCS CONVEETED INTO DOLLAES AND CENTS- 
CoNTiNUED — (Exchange 19.3 Cents = 1 Franc). 



o 


u 

Q 


i. 


Q 


c 


Dollars 


c 


u 

D 


19 


3.667 


73 


13.896 


3600 


501.80 


7900 i 


1534.70 


30 


3.86 


73 


14.089 


3700 


531.10 


8000 


1544.00 


31 


4.053 


74 


14.383 


3800 


540.40 


8100 


1563.30 


33 


4.346 


75 


14.475 


3900 


559.70 


8300 


1583.60 


33 


4.439 


76 


14.668 


3000 


579.00 


8300 


1601.90 


34 


4.633 


77 


14.861 


3100 


598.30 


8400 


1631.30 


35 


4.885 


78 


15.054 


3300 


617.60 


8500 


1640.50 


36 


5.018 


79 


15.347 


3300 


636.90 


8600 


1659.80 


37 


5.311 


80 


15.44 


3400 


656.30 


8700 


1679.10 


38 


5.404 


81 


15.633 


3500 


675.50 


8800 


1698.40 


39 


5.597 


83 


15.836 


3600 


694.80 


8900 


1717.70 


30 


5.79 


83 


16.019 


3700 


714.10 


9000 


1737.00 


31 


5.983 


84 


16.313 


3800 


733.40 


9100 


1756.30 


33 


6.176 


85 


16.405 


3900 


753.70 


9300 


1775.60 


33 


6.369 


86 


16.598 


4000 


773.00 


9300 


1794.90 


34 


6.563 


87 


16.791 


4100 


791.30 


9400 


1814.30 


35 


6.755 


88 


16.984 


4300 


810.60 


9500 


1833.50 


36 


6.948 


89 


17.177 


4300 


839.90 


9600 


1853.80 


37 


7.141 


90 


17.37 


4400 


849.30 


9700 


1873.10 


38 


7.334 


91 


17.563 


4500 


868.50 


9800 


1891.40 


39 


7.537 


93 


17.756 


4600 


887.80 


9900 


1910.70 


40 


7.73 


93 


17.949 


4700 


907.10 


10000 


1930.00 


41 


7.913 


94 


18.143 


4800 


936.40 


11000 


3133.00 


43 


8.106 


95 


18.335 


4900 


945.70 


13000 


3316.00 


43 


8.399 


96 


18.538 


5000 


965.00 


13000 


3509.00 


44 


8.493 


97 


18.731 


5100 


984.30 


14000 


3703.00 


45 


8.685 


98 


18.914 


5300 


1003.60 


15000 


3895.00 


46 


8.878 


99 


19.107 


5300 


1033.90 


16000 


3088.00 


47 


9.071 


100 


19.30 


5400 


1043.30 


17000 


3381.00 


48 


9.364 


300 


38.60 


5500 


1061.50 


18000 


3474.00 


49 


•9.457 


300 


57.90 


5600 


1080.80 


19000 


3667.00 


50 


9.65 


400 


77.30 


5700 


1100.10 


30000 


3860.00 


51 


9.843 


500 


96.50 


5800 


1119.40 


30000 


5790.00 


53 


10.036 


600 


115.80 


5900 


1138.70 


40000 


7730.'00 


! 53 


10.339 


700 


135.10 


6000 


1158.00 


50000 


9650.00 



SHILLINGS AND PEKGB CONYEKTED INTO DOLLAES 
AND CENTS. 





(Exchange $4.85 per Pound Sterling.) 






S . and d . 


Cen 


s 


s. 


! ^■ 


Cents 


s. 


d. 


$ and cents 


■| penn'\' 


1.01 


cts. 


1 


9 


42.43 cts. 


3 


11 


94.06 


cts. 


1 


2.03 


'•^ 


1 


94 


43.44 " 


4 





97.10 


« 


1^ pence 


3.03 


"• 


1 


10 


44.45 " 


4 


1 


99.14 


a 


2 


4.04 


a 


1 


104 


45.46 " 


4 


2 


1$01 


C( 


21 " 


5.05 


'' 


1 


11 


46.47 " 


4 


3 


1"03 


(( 


3 " 


6.06 


'' 


1 


114 


47.48 " 


4 


4 


1"05 


(( 


U " 


7.07 


tc 


2 





48.50 " 


4 


5 


■ 1"07 


a 


4 " 


8.08 


"•■ 


2 


04 


49.51 " 


4 


6 


1"09 


(I 


41 " 


9.09 


'' 


2 


1 


50.52 " 


4 


7 


1"11 


a 


5 


10.10 


"•■ 


2 


14 


5L53 " 


4 


8 


1"13 


a 


H " 


11.11 


vC 


2 


2 


52.54 " 


4 


9 


1"15 


(C 


6 " 


12.124 


"■■'' 


2 


24 


53.55 " 


4 


10 


1"17 


cc 


64 " 


13.14 


"' 


2 


3 


54.56 " 


4 


11 


1"19 


cc 


r 


14.15 


" 


2 


34 


55.57 " 


B 





1"21 


cc 


n " 


15.16 


" 


2 


4 


56.58 " 


5 


1 


1"23 


cc 


8 


16.17 


U 


2 


44 


57.59 " 


5 


2 


1"25 


cc 


8i " 


17.18 


i( 


2 


5 


58.60 " 


5 


3 


1"27 


(( 


9 


18.19 


cc 


2 


54 


59.61 " 


5 


4 


1"29 


cc 


n - 


19.20 


a 


2 


6 


60.62 " 


5 


5 


1"31 


cc 


10 


20.21 


a 


2 


64 


61.63 " 


5 


6 


1 " 33 


cc 


104 " 


21.22 


a 


2 


7 


62.64 " 


5 


7 


1«35 


cc 


11 


22.23 


a 


2 


•^4 


63.65 " 


5 


8 


1 " 37 


cc 


lU " 


23.24 


u 


2 


8 


64.66 " 


5 


9 


1"39 


cc 


Is. (L 


24.25 


i( 


2 


84 


65.67 " 


5 


10 


1"41 


cc 


Is. O^d. 


25.26 


iC 


2 


9 


66.68 " 


5 


11 


1"43 


cc 


Is. 1 d. 


26.27 


u 


2 


94 


67.69 " 


6 





1"454 


cc 


Is. Ud. 


27.28 


iC 


2 


10 


68.70 " 


6 


1 


1"48 


cc 


Is. 3 d. 


28.29 


a 


2 


104 


69.71 " 


6 


2 


1"50 


cc 


Is. 21 d. 


29.30 


a 


2 


11 


70.72 " 


6 


3 


1"52 


cc 


Is. 3 d. 


30.31 


a 


2 


114 


71.73 '' 


6 


4 


1 « 54 


cc 


Is. 34 d. 


31.32 


a 


3 





72.74^ " 


6 


5 


1"56 


cc 


Is. 4 d. 


32.33 


a 


3 


1 


74.76 " 


6 


6 


1 « 58 


a 


Is. 4+d. 


33.34 


a 


3 


2 


76.78 " 


6 


7 


1"60 


cc 


Is. 5 d. 


34.35 


a 


3 


3 


78.80 " 


6 


8 


1 " 62 


cc 


1 s. 54 d. i 


35.36 


"• 


3 


4 


80.82 " 


6 


9 


1''64 


cc 


Is. 6 d. 


36.37 


u 


3 


5 


82.84 " 


6 


10 


1"66 


cc 


Is. 64 d. 


37.38 


u 


3 


6 


84.86 " 


6 


11 


1"68 


cc 


Is. 7 d. 


38.39 


a 


3 


7 


86.90 " 


7 





1"70 


cc 


Is. 74 d. 


39.40 


(I 


3 


8 


88.94 « 


7 


1 


1"72 


cc 


Is. 8 d. 


40.41 


a 


3 


9 


90.98 " 


7 


2 


1"74 


cc 


Is. 84 d. 


41.42 


a 


3 


10 


92.02 '' 


7 


3 


1"76 


ct 



.260 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



PEICE m MAEKS PEE KILO CONVEETED INTO 
DOLLAES PEE POUND. 

(Exchange 23% Cents per Mark.) 



M. Pf. 


$ c. 


M. Pf. 


$ c. 


M. Pf. 


$ c. 


M. Pf. 


$ c. 


5 


0.0054 


2.60 


0.28 


5.20 


0.56 


7.80 


0.84 


10 


0.011 


2.70 


0.29 


5.30 


0.57 


7.90 


0.85 


30 


0.022 


2.80 


0.30 


5.40 


o:58i 


8.00 


0.86i 


30 


0.032 


2.90 


0.31i 


5.50 


0.59i 


8.10 


0.87i 


40 


0.043 


3.00 


0.32i 


5.60 


0.60i 


8.20 


0.88i 


50 


0.054 


1 3.10 


0.33i 


5.70 


0.6U 


8.30 


0.89^ 


60 


0.065 


3.20 


0.341 


5.80 


0.62i 


8.40 


0.90i 


70 


0.075 


3.30 


0.35i 


5.90 


0.63i 


8.50 


0.91i 


80 


0.086 


3.40 


0.36i 


6.00 


0.64i 


8.60 


0.92+ 


90 


0.097 


3.50 


0.371 


6.10 


0.65f 


8.70 


0.931 


1.00 


0.11 


1 3.60 


0.38f 


6.20 


0.67 


8.80 


0.94f 


1.10 


0.12 


3.70 


0.391 


6.30 


0.68 


8.90 


0.95f 


1.20 


0.13 


3.80 


0.41 


6.40 


0.69 


9.00 


0.97 


1.30 


0.14 


3.90 


0.42 


6.50 


0.70 


9.10 


0.98 


1.40 


0.15 


4.00 


0.43 


6.60 


0.71 


9.20 


0.99 


1.50 


0.16 


4.10 


0.44i 


6.70 


0.72i 


9.30 


1.00 


1.60 


0.17i 


4.20 


0.45i 


6.80 


0.73i 


9.40 


l.Oli 


1.70 


0.18i 


4.30 


0A6i 


6.90 


0.74+ 


9.50 


1.02i 


1.80 


0.19i 


4.40 


0.47+ 


7.00 


0.75i 


9.60 


1.03i 


1.90 


0.20+ 


4.50 


0.48i 


7.10 


0.76+ 


9.70 


1.04i 


2.00 


0.2U 


4.60 


0.49i 


7.20 


0.77+ 


9.80 


1.05i 


2.10 


0.22+ 


4.70 


0.501 


7.30 


0.78i 


9.90 


1.06f 


2.20 


0.231 


4.80 


0.51f 


7.40 


0.79f 


10.00 


1.07f 


2.30 


0.24f 


4.90 


0.52f 


7.50 


0.801 






2.40 


0.25f 


5.00 


0.53f 


7.60 


0.81f 






2.50 


0.27 


5.10 


0.55 


7.70 


0.83 







Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



261 



DISCOUNT TABLES. 





Discount— P 


er cen 


t. 


Equivalent 


Ne, 


'Z5 










.25 


.75 


•-25 and 


n 






.26875 


.73125 


25 


« 


H 


and 


2i 


.2870 


.7130 


25 


a 


H 


(( 


5 


.3053 


.6947 


35 


iC 


H 


a 


■n 


.3236 


.6764 


25 


« 


n 


a 


10 


.3419 


.6581 


25 


a 


5 






.2875 


.7125 


. 25 


u 


5 


C( 


2i 


.3053 


.6947 


25 


C( 


5 


(( 


5 


.3231 


.6769 


25 


(I 


5 


i( 


n 


.3409 


.6591 


;25 


(I 


5 


a 


10 


.35875 


.64125 


25 


a 


n 






.30625 


.69375 


25 


a 


n 


a 


H 


.3236 


.6764 


25 


ce 


n 


C( 


5 


.3409 


.6591 


25 


(( 


n 


c< 


H 


.3583 


.6417 


25 


u 


H 


(( 


10 


.3756 


.6244 


25 


<( 


10 






.3250 


.6750 


25 


cc 


10 


ii 


H 


.3419 


.6581 


-.25 


iC 


10 


u 


5 


.35875 


.64125 


25 


ec 


10 


CI 


n 


.3756 


.6244 


25 


c< 


10 


a 


10 


.3925 


.6075 , 


• 30 










.30 


.70 


30. 


and 


H 






.3175 


.6825 


30 


iC 


2i and 


..3i 


.3346 


.6654 


30 


(C 


n 


i( 


5 


.3516 


.6484 


.30 


a 


H 


a 


7i 


.3687 


.6313 


30 


a 


3i 


cc 


10 


.38575 


.61425 


30 


a 


5 






.335 


.665 


30 


(C 


5 


« 


H 


.3516 


.6484 


30 


u 


5 


u 


5 


.36825 


.63175 


30 


u 


5 


a 


n 


.3849 


.6151 


30 


a 


5 


a 


10 


.4015 


.5985 


30 


(C 


H 






.3525 


.6475 


30 


a 


H 


Cl 


n 


.3687 . 


.6313 


30 


a 


n 


a 


5 


.3849 


.6151 


30 


(( 


n 


li 


n 


.4009 


.5991 


30 


C( 


^ 


a 


10 


.41725 


.58275- 


30 


C( 


10 






.37 


.63 


30 


(I 


10 


<c 


2* 


.38575 


.61425 


30 


« 


10 


<( 


5 


.4016 


.5985 


30 


u 


10 


« 


n 


.41725 


.58275 


30 


<( 


10 


i( 


10 


.433 


.567 ■ 



262 



Tanniirs' and Chemists' Handbook. 



DISCOUNT TABLES— Continued. 



Dis 


count — 1 


'er cent. 


Equivalent 


Net 


35 








.35 


.65 


35 and 


H 






.36635 


.63375 


35 ''~ 


n 


and 


H 


.3831 


.6179 


35 " 


n 


cc 


5 


.3979 


.6031 


35 " 


H 


<( 


H 


.4138 


.5863 


35 " 


2i 


e< 


10 


.4296 


.5704 


35 " 


5 






.3835 


.6175 


35 " 


5 


c< 


H 


.3979 


.6031 


35 " 


5 


u 


5 • 


.4134 


.5866 


35 " 


5 


u 


n- 


.4388 


.5712 


35 " 


5 


u 


10 


.44435 


.55575 


35 '' 


H 






.39875 


.60135 


35 " 


n 


«: 


24 


.4138 


.5863 


35 " 


n 


(( 


5 


.4388 


.5712 


35 " 


n 


<( 


7* 


.4438 


.5562 


35 " 


4 


a 


10 


.4588 


.5411 


35 " 


10 






.415 


.585: 


35 " 


10 


u 


n 


.4396 


.5704 


35 " 


10 


u 


5 


.44435 


.55575 


35 " 


10 


u 


n 


.4589 


.5411 


35 " 


10 


Cl 


10 


.4735 


.6265 


40 








.40 


.60 


40 and 


34 






.415 


.585 


40 " 


2i 


and 


H 


.4396 


.5704 


40 " 


2i 


i( 


5 


.44435 


.55575 


40 " 


2i 


a 


H 


.4589 


.5411 


40 " 


2i 


<( 


10 


.4735 


.5265 


40 " 


5 






.43 


.57 


40 " 


5 


c< 


H 


.44435 


.55575 


40 " 


5 


<( 


5 


.4585 


.5415 


40 " 


5 


(( 


n 


.47375 


.52725 


40 " 


5 


i< 


10 


.487 


.513 


40 " 


n 






.445 


.555 


40 " 


n 


ec 


n 


.4589 


.5411 


40 " 


n 


ce 


5 


.47375 


.52735 


40 ■" 


n 


(C 


H 


.4866 


.5134 


40 " 


n 


li 


10 


.5005 


.4995 


40 " 


10 






.46 


.54 


40 " 


10 


(I 


H 


.4735 


.5265 


40 " 


10 


(( 


5 


.487 


. .513 


40 " 


10 


<( 


n 


.5005 


.4995 


40 " 


10 


a 


10 


.524 


.486 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



263 







DISCOUNT TABLES— Continued. 




Discounl— P 


trcen 




Efiuivalenl 


Net 


45 










.45 


.55 


45 


and 


3i 






.46375 


.53625 


45 


a 


n 


and 


H 


.4772 


.5228 


45 


u 


3i 


« 


5 


.4906 


.5094 


45 


li 


34 


a 


7.^.- 


.504 


.496 


45 


a 


n 


ii 


10 


.5174 


.4826 


45 


(C 


5 






.4775 


.5225 


• 45 


u 


5 


ii 


2i 


.4906 


.5094 


45 


(( 


5 


ii 


5 


.5036 


.4964 


45 


ii 


5 


a 


7* 


.5167 


.4833 


45 


a 


5 


ii 


10 


.52975 


.47025 


45 


a 


% 






.49125 


.50875 


45 


u 


% 


ii 


9 1 


.504 


.496 


45 


u 


n 


a 


5 


.5167 


.4833 


45. 


ii 


H 


a 


n 


.5294 


.4706 


45 


ii 


n 


ii 


10 


.5421 


.4579 


45 


ii 


10 






.505 


.495 


45 


ii 


10 


a 


21 


.5174 


.4826 


45 


ii 


10 


a 


5 


.52975 


.47025 


45 


a 


10 


a 


H 


.5421 


.4579 


45 


ii 


10 


a 


10 


.5545 


.4455 


50 










.50 


.50 


50 


and 


H 






.5125 


.4875 


50 


a 


n 


and 


21- 


.5247 


.4753 


50 


ii 


H 


ii 


5 ■ 


.5369 


.4631 


50 


. a 


H 


ii 


71 


.5491 


.4509 


50 


^ii 


H 


ii 


10 


.56125 


.43875 


50 


, a 


5 






.525 


.475 


50 


a 


5 


ii 


u 


.5369 


.4631 


50 


, ii 





ii 


5 


.54875 


.45125 


50 


ii 


5 


ii 


71 


.5606 


.4394 


oO 


ii 


5 


ii 


10 


.5725 


.4275 


50 


, ii 


n 






■ .5375 


.4625 


50 


ii 


H 


ii 


2;^ 


.5491 


.4509 


50 


ii 


n 


ii 


5 


.5606 


.4394 


50 


ii 


^i 


ii 


7* 


.5722 


.4278 


60 


ii 


n 


ii 


10 


.58375 


.41625 


50 


a 


10 






.55 


.45 


50 


ii 


10 


ii 


H 


.56125 


.43875 


50 


ii 


10 


ii 


5 • 


.5725 


.4275 


50 


ii 


10 


ii 


7^ 


.58375 


.41625 


50 


a 


10 


ii 


i<^ 


.595 


.405 



264 



TANifEgs' AND Chemists' Handbook. 



DISCOUNT TABLES— Continued. 





Dis 


count — P 


er cen 


t. 


Equivalent 


Net 


55 










.55 


.45 


55 


and 


H 






.56125 


.43875 


55 


(( 


%^ and 


n 


.5732 


.4378 


55 


(( 


H 


i( 


5 ■ 


.5832 


.4158 


55 


a 


n 


ii 


H 


.5943 


.4058 


55 


u 


H 


ii 


10 


.6051 


.3949 


55 


« 


5 






.5735 


.4375 


55 


<( 


5 


ii 


H 


.5833 


.4168 


55 


(C 


5 


C( 


5- 


.5939 


.4061 


55 


ii 


5 


ii 


7^ 


.6046 


.3954 


55 


a 


5 


ii 


10 


.61535 


.38475 


55 


(( 


n 






.58375 


.41635 


55 


i( 


H 


« 


H 


.5942 


.4058 


55 


(( 


n 


ii 


5 


.6046 


.3954 


.55 


(C 


n 


(( 


n 


.615 


.385 


55 


(C 


n 


i( 


10 


.6254 


.3746 


' 55 


(( 


10 






.595 


.405 


55 


(( 


10 


l< 


n 


.6051 


.3949 


55 


c< 


10 


« 


5 


.61525 


.38475 


55 


<( 


10 


<C 


n 


.6354 


.3746 


55 


(C 


10 


ii 


10 


.6355 


.3645 


60 










.60 


.40 


60 


and 


H 






.61 


.39 


60 


(( 


2t 


and 


H 


.61975 


.38035 


60 


a 


H 


ii 


5 


.6395 


.3705 


60 


<c 


H 


a 


n 


.63935 


.36075 


. 60 


u 


n 


ii 


10 


.649 


.351 


60 


C( 


5 






.62 


.38 


60 


ii 


5 


ii 


31 


.6395 


.3705 


60 


ii 


5 


a 


5 


.639 


.361 


60 


ii 


5 


ii 


n 


.6485 


.3515 


60 


ii 


5 


ii 


10 


.658 


.343 


60 


ii 


H 






.63 


.37 


60 


ii 


n 


ii 


3i 


.63935 


.36075 


60 


ii 


n 


a 


5 


.6485 


.3515 


60 


ii 


n 


a 


n 


.65775 


.34225 


60 


ii 


H 


a 


10 


.667 


.333 


60 


ii 


10 






.64 


.36 


60 


ii 


10 


ii 


■n 


.649 


.351 


60 


ii 


10 


a 


5 


.658 


.342 


60 


ii 


10 


ii 


n 


.667 


.333 


60 


ii 


10 


a 


10 


.676 


.334 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



265 







DISCOUNT TA.I 


)LES — Continued. 




Dis 


count — Per cen 


i. 


Equivalent 


Net 


65 










.65 


.35 


65 and 


n 






.65875 


.34125 


65 




n 


and 


2* 


.6673 


.3327 


65 




H 


a 


5 


.6758 


.3242 


65 




H 


a 


5'i 


.6843 


.3157 


65 




2i 


a 


10 


.6929 


.3071 


65' 




5 






.6675 


.3325 


- 65 




6 


C( 


2i 


.6758 


.3242 


65 




5 


c< 


5 


.6841 


.3159 


65-^ 




5 


(( 


n 


.6924 


.3076 


65^ 




5 


u 


10 


.70075 


.29925 


65' 




n 






.67625 


.32375 


65 




n 


<( 


21 


.6843 


.3157 


65 




n 


<( 


5 


.6924 


.3076 


65 




n 


« 


n 


.7005 


.2995 


65 




n 


C( 


10 


.7086 


.2914 


65 




10 






.685 


.315 


65 




10 


(( 


2i 


.6929 


.3071 


65> 




10 


<( 


5 


.70075 


.29925 


65 




10 


i< 


7* 


.7086 


.2914 


65 




10 


ii 


10 


.7165 


.2835 


70 










.70 


.30 


70 and 


21 






.7075 


.2925 


70 




H 


and 


2i 


.7148 


.2852 


70 




2-i 


i( 


5 


.7221 


.2779 


70 




2i 


(( 


n 


.7294 


.2706 


- 70 




H 


C( 


10 


.73675 


.26325 


70 




5 






.715 


.285 


70 




5 


(< 


2i 


.7221 


.2779 


70 




5 


« 


5 


.72925 


.27075 


70 




5 


ee 


n 


.7364 


.2636 


70 




5 


« 


10 


.7435 


.2565 


70 




H 






.7225 


.2775 


70 




H 


« 


2J 


.7294 


.2706 


70 




n 


cc 


5 


.7364 


.2636 


70 




n 


cc 


^i- 


.7433 


.2567 


70 




n 


ce 


10 


.75025 


.24975 


70 




10 






.73 


.27 


70 




10 


« 


21 


.73675 


.26325 


70 




10 


<i 


5 


.7435 


.2565 


70 




10 


u 


7+ 


.75025 


.24975 


70 




10 


a 


10 


.757 


.243 



26,6 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

DISCOUNT TABLES— Continued. 





Dis 


:ount — P 


ercen 




Equivalent 


Net 


75 










.75 


.25 


75 


and 


H 






.75625 


.24375 


75 


C( 


H 


and 


21 


.76234 


.23766 


75 


C( 


H 


ii 


5 


.7684 


.2316 


75- 


ii 


H 


ii 


n 


.7745 


.2255 


75 


<l 


H 


ii 


10 


.7806 


.2194 


75 


« 


5 






.7625 


.2375 


75' 


li 


5 


ii 


2i 


.7684 


.2316 


75 


a 


5 


ii 


5 


.7744 


.2256 


75 


C( 


5 


ii 


n . 


.7803 


.2197 


75 


C( 


5 


ii 


10 


.78625 


.21325 


75 


(( 


n 






.76875 . 


.23125 


75 


<< 


n 


ii 


3i 


.7745 


.2255 


75 


u 


n 


ii 


5 


.7803 


.2197 


75 


a 


H 


a 


n 


.7861 


.2139 


75 


<( 


H 


(( 


10 


.7919 


.2081 


75 


cc 


10 






.775 


.225 


75 


(( 


10 


ii 


H 


.7806 


.2194 


75 


u 


10 


ii 


5 


.78625 


.21375 


75 


« 


10 


ii 


n 


.7919 


.2081 


75 


ii 


10 


i< 


10 


.7975 


.2025 



DATA FOE EXCAVATIONS (Average). 

14 cubic feet of Chalk weigh 1 ton. 

18 " " Clay " 1 ton. 

21 " " Earth " 1 ton. 

19 " '' Gravel " 1 ton. 

22 " " Sand " 1 ton. 

A cubic yard of earth in original position will occupy from 
11/4 to iy2 cubic yards, when dug. 

DATA FOE SHINGLED EOOFS. 

To shingle 100 square feet are required: 

If laid 4 inches to the weather, 900 shingles. . 

« ^ a a a gQQ « 

ii 5 a a a tj^gg " 

« 5i " " " 655 " 

a g a a « gQO " 



DICTIONARY OF TANNING 
TERMS 

ENGLISH^ --^ GERMAN 



DICTIONARY OF TANNING TERMS 



ENGLISH. 

Absorb, to 

" water^ to 
Acid bark liquor 

" liquor 
Acorn 

AGENT 

Bleaching agent 
Depilating agent 
Levelling agent 
Plumping agent 
Softening agent 
Weighting agent 



GERMAN. 

Einlassen 
Wasser-Einsauge 
Saure Lohbruehe 
Lohbeize 
Eichelbecher 

MITTEL 

Bleichniittel 

Enthaarungs-Mittel 

Egaliesierungs-Mittel 

Schwellungs-Mittel 

Erweichungs-Mittel 

Euellmittel 



Agitate 
Air bath 

" dry 
Albumin 
Alum tannery 

" , tanning by 
Apron skin 
Artificial grain 
Beam, to 

" house 

" house weight 
Belly 



Schuetteln 

Luftbad 

Lufttrocken 

Eiweiss 

Weissgerberei 

Alaungarmachen, weissgerben 

Schurzfell 

Reiskern 

Strecken 

Streichstube, Wasserwerkstatt 

Bloessengewicht 

Bauch 



270 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Belt 


Riemen 


Belting butt 


Eiemen-Croupon 


Bends 


Croupous 


« 


Haelfte eines Crou]3ons 


Blacken^ to 


Schwaerze 


BLEACHING MATEEIAL 


BLEICHMITTEL 


Chloride of tin 


Zinnsalz 


H5^drosulpliite of soda 


Hydrosulphit 


Hydrogen peroxide 


Wassevstoffsuporoxide 


Potassium permanganate 


Ueberniangansaures Kali 


Blemishes 


Stichfiecken 


Blood, ox 


Ochsenblut 


Bloom 


Uebergerbescbicht,Staubschicht 


Board, to 


Pantoffeln, Aufkraeusen, Le- 




vantueren 


Boarding 


Aufkraeuseln 


Body 


Grif! 


Boil down, to 


Eindicken 


Bone dry 


Scharf getrocknet 


" glue 


Knochenleim 


" oil 


Knochenfett, Knoehenoel 


Box 


Mulde 


Back 


Ruecken 


Baggy 


Doppelhaeutig 


Bale, of skins 


Pellstapel 


BATE 


BEIZBRUEHE 


Bate, to 


Beizen 


" , manure 


Kotbeize 


" , chicken dung 


Huehnermistbei ze 


" , dog dung 


Ilundekotbeize 


" , pigeon dung 


I'aubenmistbeize 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



371 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN, 


Bating 


Entkalkungsprocess 


" process 


Beizenprocess 


BATH 


BAD 


Bath, air " 


Luftbad 


" , clearing 


Ivlaerbad 


" * , saddening 


Dunkelungsbad 


" ,two 


Zweibad 



Barberry 



Saurach 



BAEK ' 

Bark liquor 


EINDE 

Lohbruehe 


" ,tan 


Gerberlohe 


'" tanning 


Lohgerberei 


" tanner 


Lohgerber, Eotgerber 


" , wattle 


Wattelrinde 


" , willow 


Weidenrinde 


Bran 


Kleie 


" drench 


Kleienbeize 


" , sour 


Saure EHeie 


Break, to 


Strecken, grannieren, ausstos- 




sen, ausstreichen 


Brine 


Salzbruehe, Salzwasser 


Brittleness 


Sproedigkeit 


Brush, to 


Buersten, aufbuersten, auftun- 




ken 


Brushing 


Streichverfahren 


Buff, to 


Bimsen, schleifen 



272 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GEEMAN. 


BUFFING 


ABBIMSEN, ABZIEHEN 


Buffing (on the wheel) 


Abbimsen (auf dem Ead) 


" the gram 


Abnarben 


Calling (see Occupation) 


Beruf 


Cartilage 


Knorpel 


Chamois tannery 


Saemischgerberei 


Chalk, to 


Abreiben (mit Ton) 


Charge, to 


Fuellen 


Chicken dung bate 


Huehnermistbeize 


" manure 


Huehnerkot 


Chips 


Holzspaene, Splitter 


Claw 


■ Klaue 


CLAEIFICATION 


ABKLAEEUNGS- 


METHODS 


METHODEN^ 


Acetate of lead 


Essigsaures Blei 


Blood albumin 


Blutalbumin 


Chlorine 


Chlor 


Chloride of tin 


Chlorzinn 


Lead, sugar of 


Essigsaures Blei 


Sodium sulphite 


Schwefligsaures Salz 


Stannous chloride 


Chlorzinn 


Clear, to 


Auswascben, laeutern, fliessen 


Clearing 


Auswaessern 


Clearing bath 


Klaerbad, Laeuterungsbad 


Clean, to 


Putzen 


Cleaning 


Eeinigung 


Cloth, oil 


Wachstuch 


Clots 


Kluempchen 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 



273 



ENGLISH. 

Close grain 
Coat 

" ,to 
Cold sweating 
Color 

" coating 

" • , mixed 
Colors, natural 

(see Wood Colors) 
Coloring 
Color, to 

Coloring liquor, weak 

Cool 

Concentrate, to 

Cork layer 

Counter 

Countr}^ hide 

Cover, to 

" of the layers 
Cow • 
Cracks 
Cracky 

Cream of lime 
Crop, to 
Crops 

Croup (of horse) 
Crush, to 
Culls 
Currier 
Cuts 
Cuttings 
Cut out, to 

" ,to 



GERMAN. 

Kernigkeit 

Auftrag, Ueberzug, Haare 

Auftragen 

Kaltschwitze 

Farbe 

Parueberzug 

Mischfarbe 



Abfaerben, anfaerben 
Anfaerben, fingerben, treiben, 

faerben 
Stinkfarbe 
Abkuehlen 
Eindicken 
Borke 
Brandsohle 
Landhaut 
Bedecken 
Hut 
Eind 
Eisse 
Eisselig 
Kalkbrei 
Crouponnieren 
Croupous 
Kreuz 
Eunzeln 
Ausschuss 
Zurichter 
Schnitte 
Abfaelle 

Ausschneiden, Lederabschnitte 
Schneiden 



274 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGMSH. 


GERMAN. 


Cut across the grain 


Hirnschnitt 


Dampen, to 


Anfeuchten 


Dampening 


Anfeuchtung 


Decant 


Abgiessen 


Decay, to 


Faulen 


Degras 


Wollfett 


Degrease, to 


Entfetten 


Decoction 


Dekokt 


Decompose, to 


Yerfaulen 


Delime, to 


Entkalken 


DEPILATOEIES 


ENTHAARUNCSMITTEL 


Ainmonia 


Ammoniak 


Barium hydrate 


Bariumhydrat 


Silicate of soda 


Kieselsaures .N airon 


Soda 


N'atron 


Sulphide of barium 


Schwefelbarinm 


" of lime 


S chwef elkalcium 


" of soda 


Schwefelnatron 


Depilate, to 


Enthaaren 


Deplete, to 


Verfallenmaehen 


Deposit 


Ablagerung 


Dip, to 


Eintauchen 


Discharge, to 


Entleeren 


Dissolve, to 


Loesen 


Drain, to 


Abtropfenlassen, ausstreichen 


Draw out, to 


Herausziehen 


" ,to draw ofE 


Abziehen 


Dress, to 


Faconnieren, ric'iten 


Dregs 


Bodensatz 


Drench 


Schwellbeize 


" ,to 


JSTachbeize, beizeu, schwemmen 


" , bran 


Kleienbeize 



Tanners' akd Chemists' Handbook. 

GERMAN. 



275 



ENGLISH. 



Dried 

" , over 
Drop, to 



DYE, TO 

D3'e, to brush color 
" to color in the box ' 
" " by dipping 
" • "' in the drum 

the stock 
on the table 
" " in the trav 



G-etrocknet 

Uebertrocknet 

Fallen 



DRUM, TO 


WALKEK, STAMPFEN, 




AUFWALKEX 


DMiniming 


Walken (in der Trommel) 


Dry drumming 


" (im Walkfass) 




" (trocken walken) 


Fulling 


" (in der Trommel) 


Stuffing 


" (im erwaermten Walkfass) 


Dry, to 


Antrocknen 


" ,air 


Lufttrocken 


" , flint 


Scharf getrockneE 


"' ,to partially 


Abwelken 


" , very 


Scharf getrocknet 


Dull finish 


Mattglanz 


Dung 


Kot 


" ,dog 


Hundekot 


" , pigeon 


Taubenm.ist 


Dust, to 


Streuen 


Dusting 


Bestreuimg 



FAEEBEK 

Faerben (mit der Buerste) 
" (in der Mulde) 
" ( d arch Eintauchen ) 
" (im Walkfass, in 
Trommel) 

Faerben (in der Gerberei) 
" (auf der Platte) 
" {m. der Mulde) 



der 



276 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 

Egg albumin 

« yolk 
Emboss, to 
Empty, to 

" the vats, to 
Enamel, to 
Epidermis 
Extinguish, to 
Extracts 

(see Tannic g Extracts) 
Extract, to 

" liquor 
Extractive matter 



Fermentation 
" , acid 
" , putrid 
" , acetic 



GERMAN. 

Eiweiss 

Eidotter 

Pressen 

Entleeren 

Grubenziehen 

Lakieren 

Oberhaut 

Loeschen 



Ausziehen, auslaugen 

Extraktbruehe 

Extraktivstoff 



FAT 


FETT 


Table grease, curriers' 


Abstoss-Fett 


Tanners' grease 


Ausgeschmolzenes Fett 


Eendered grease 


Ausgeschmolzenes Fett 


Fat liquor 


Fettschmiere 


Feel 


Griff 


" ,to 


Faellen 


FEEMEITTS 


GAEEUNGSMITTEL 


Bran 


Kleie 


Chicken manure 


Huehnerkot 


Dog manure 


Hundekot 


Molasses 


Melasse 


Pigeon manure 


Taubenkot 



Gaerung 
" , saure 
" ,faule 

Essiggaehrun^ 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



211 



ENGMSH. 

Fiber, gelatinous 
Fibers of the' skin 
Fill, to 

Filling tlie tan vats 
Fine hair, to 
Finish, to 

'^ ,dull 
Finisher 
Fish oil 
Flabby 
Flank 
Flanks 

" hollow or loose 
Flatten, to 
i'lay, to 
Fleece 
Flesh, to 

" , to lime 
Flesh side 

" split 
Fleshing 
Fleshings 
Flint dry 

Flow 

Fluff, to 

Fluffing 

Frame 

Free from acid, to 

French chalk 

Full, to 

Fungi 

Fur 



GERMAN. 

Bindegewebe 

Fellgewebe 

Fuellen 

Abtraenken der Grube 

Putzen 

Schoenen, zurichten 

Mattglanz 

Zurichter 

Tran 

A^'erf alien 

Eippe, Flaehme 

Flanken, Mittelstueck 

Plohle Flanken 

Naehfalzen 

Sehlachten 

Vleis 

Schaben, ausfleischen, entflei- 

schen 
Scheren 

Fleischseite, Aasseite 
Fleischspalt 
Abfleischen 
Scherfleisch 
Scharf getrocknet, voUstaendig 

trocken 
Zufluss 

Poncieren, schleifen, bimsen 
Abbimsen 
Eahme 
Entsaeuren 
Federweiss, Talcum 
Trockenwalken 
Pilze 
Pelz 



278 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Furrier 


Knerschner 


Gelatine 


Gelatin 


Class, to 


Glasen 


Glaze, to 


Blankstossen, glazieren, giaen- 




zen 


" finish 


Glanzappretur 


" , to satin 


Satinieren 


Glue 


Leini 


" boiler 


Leimsieder 


" pieces 


Leimleder 


" stock 


Abfaelle (von gekalkten Haeu- 




ten), Leimgut, Schabaas 


Glovers' clippings 


Leimleder 


Goatskin 


Ziegenfell 


Grade 


Abstufnng 


GRAIN 


KOEK, KARBEN 


Bad grain 


Blinder Narben 


Brittle grain 


Blecliiger ISFarben, narben* 




bruechig 


Broken grain 


Zersprengter Narben 


Bnff the grain, to 


JSTarben abnehmen 




" abziehen, abnarben 


Close 


Kernigkeit 


Cracky 


iSTarbenbruechig 


Fine grain 


Feinheit Karben 


Long grain 


Wellen ISTarben 


Loose grain 


Losnarbig 


Pebble grain, to 


Narben annehmen 



Grain, to 



Narben, erhoehen, chagrinnie- 
ren, levantieren, granieren, 
pantoffeln 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



279 



ENGLISH. 

Grain side 
" split 

" , to set the 



Granules 

Green weight 

Grease (also, see Fat) 

" , horse 

" , stufRng 
Grind, to 
Gristle 
Hair 

" bulb 

" fiber 

" , fine or short 

" , root of 

" slip 

" side 
Handle, to 
Handling 
Haul out, to 
Hard spots 
Head split, to 
Heifer 



HIDES 

Arsenic cured hides 
Badlj^ cut hides 

" dried hides 
Bate the hides, to 
Country hides 
Cow hides 
Dress the hides, to 



GERMAN. 

Narbenseite, Haarseite 
ISTarbenspalt 

Anfaerben, angerben, erste An- 
gerben 



Koernchen 

Gruengewicht 

Gerberfett 

Kammfett 

Schmier, Schmierfett 

Mahlen, schleifen, zerkleinern 

Knorpel 

Haare 

Haartasche 

Hautfaser 

Grundhaare 

Haarwurzel 

Haarlassig 

Ha,arseite 

Parben geben 

Erste Angerbung 

Herausnehmen 

Verliaertungen 

Koepfe spalten 

Bittling 



HAEUTE 
Arsenik Haeute 
Starkschnittige Haeute 
Schrumpfige Haeute 
in die Beize bringen 
Landhaeute 
Eindhaeute 
Zurichten 



280 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 

Dried hides • 
Dry salted hides 
Extra heavy hides 

Green hides 

" . salted hides 
Grubby hides 
Kips 

Mouldy hides. 
Packer hides 
Piled hides 
Plumped hides 

Plump hides, to 

Eough hides 

Salted hides 

Skins in the hair 

Splits 

Split hides, to 

Stout hides 

Sweat the hides, to 

Swelled hides 

Tanned hides 

Tender hides 

Thin in the back, hides 

Weighted hides 

Wormy hides 

Improve, to 

Incisions 

Kip 

EJiacker's yard 

Kneading 

Lambskin 

Lay away, to 



GERMAN. 

Trockene Haeute 

Trockengesalzene Haeute 

Getriebene Haeute, 
ueberschwellte Haeute 

Frisehe, gruene Haeute 

Gruengesalzene Haeute 

W\irmbeschaedigte Haeute 

Kips 

Beschimmelte Haeute 

Schlachthaus-Haeute 

Aufgeschichtete Haeute 

Aufgequollene Haeute, auf ge- 
triebene Haeute 

Haeute schwellen 

Unzugerichtete Haeute 

Gesalzene Haeute 

Haeute mit Pelz oder Haare 

Geschwellte Haeute 

Haeute spalten 

Gedrungene Haeute 

Haeute in die Schwitze bringen 

Geschwellte Haeute 

Gegerbte Haeute 

Morschige Haeute 

Duennrueckige Haeute 

Beschwerte Haeute 

Piquere Haeute 

Ausbessern 

Einschnitte 

Eindhaut, Bittling 

Abdeckerei, Schinderei 

Knetend 

Lammfell • 

Versetzen, einlegen 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 



281 



ENGLISH. 

Layer 

" of tanbark 
Layers, cover of the 
Leach 

" ,to 



LEATHEE 
Leather, acid sole 

" , American 

" , American sole 

" , alum tanned 

" , bark tanned 

" , basils 

" , bastard 

" , belt 

" , belting 

" , boarded or grained 

" , bridle 

" , brush dyed 

"^ , buffalo 

" ,calf 

" , carriage 

" , case 

" , chamois 

" , chrome tanned 

" 5 coach 

" , cordovan 

" , cowhide 

" ,crop 

" , crust 



GERMAN. 

Versetzung 

Lohschiehte 

Hut 

Auslauge-Bottich 

Auslaugen, ausziehen 



LEDER 



Sohlleder (mit Saeure ge- 

schwellt) 
Wildleder 
Wildbrandsohlleder 
Weissleder, alaungares, weiss- 

gares 
Lohgaresleder, rotgares 
Braunes Schafleder 
Persiansleder 
Gruertelleder 

Eiemenleder, Treibriemen 
Chagriniertes Leder 
Zaunleder 

Trockengefaerbtes Leder 
Bueffelleder 
Kalbleder 
Yerdeckleder 
Kofferleder 
Saemischleder, Gemsleder, sae- 

mischgares Leder^ Waschleder 
Chromgares Leder 
Wagenleder 
Korduanleder 
Rindleder, Vacheleder 
Schaftleder 
Eohgegerbtes Leder, unfertiges 



282 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 





ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Leather, curried 


Zugerichtetes Leder, bereitetes 


a 


, dirty 


Beschmutztes Leder 


cc 


, dogskin 


Hundleder 


u , 


,elk 


Elenleder 


a 


, embossed 


Gepresstes Leder, narbiges , 


a 


, fancy 


Feines Leder, Luxus- 


a 


, fat liquored 


Fettgares Leder 


a 


, fly netting 


Leder fuer Fliegennetze 


u 


, furniture 


Moebelleder 


a 


, furriers' waste 


Leimleder 


a 


, gaiter 


Stiefeletleder 


a 


, glove 


Handschuhleder 


a 


, glue stock 


Leimleder 


(.i 


, goat 


Ziegenleder 


a 


, grained or boarded 


Genaerbtes Leder, Koemer- 


a 


, harness 


Blankleder, Geschirr-, Sattler- 


u 


, heel 


Absatzleder 


u 


, horse 


Rossleder, Eosshaut- 


a 


, horse butt 


Eossspiegelleder 


iC 


, horny 


Schwieliges Leder 


a 


, inner soling 


Halbsohlleder, Brandsohl- 


a 


,kid 


Kidleder, Bock-, Zickel- 


Ci 


, kid glove 


Glaceleder, Handscbuh- 


cc 


/lace 


Binderiemenleder 


a 


, lifts 


Fleckenleder 


u 


, limed sole 


Tertzenleder 


iC 


,line 


Zuegelleder 


u 


, lining 


Sehuhfutterleder, Futter- 


i( 


, Morocco 


Maroquinleder, Saffian-, Cha- 
grin-, Chevreaux- 


a 


, mouldy 


Sporiges Leder, schimmeliges 


a 


, non-acid sole 


Sohlleder (nicht mit Saeure 
geschwellt) 


a 


.oil grain 


Schuhleder (mit feinem Korn) 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



283 



ENGLISH. 



A^itliei'j oiled 


'' 


patent 


" 


, Persian 


iC 


, pigskin 


ii 


, pliable 


I.C 


, plow grain 


li 


, rein 


m 




a 


,roan 


a 


, rough 


a 


, Russia 


a 


, satin 


a 


, scrap 


a 


, sealskin 


a 


, sheepskin 


iC 


, skirting 


a 


, skivers 


ii 


, slack tanned 


ii 


, snake 


a 


, sole 


u 


, splash board 


a 


, splits 


a 


, spongy 


a 


, stained or spotty 


a 


, stirrup 


a 


, sumac tanned 


iC 


, supple 


a 


, sweated sole 


a 


, tinny 


u 


, trace 


a 


, trunk 


a 


;, uncolored 


a 


, upper 


<i 


, vamp 



GERMAN. 

Cxeschmiertes Leder 

Grlanzleder, Lack-, lakiertes 

Persisches Leder 

Schweinsleder 

Geschmeidiges Leder 

Genaerbtes Schuhleder 

Zuegelleder 

Schafleder (sumachgegerbt) 

Unzugerichtetes Leder 

Juchtenleder, russisches 

Satiniertes Leder 

Abfallleder 

Seehundleder 

Schaf leder 

Leder fuer Seiten dcs Battels 

Spaltleder 

Spiessiges Leder, ungares 

Schlangenleder 

Sohlleder 

Spritzleder 

Spaltleder 

Schwammiges Leder 

Beflecktes Leder 

Steigbuegelleder 

Snmachgares Leder 

Biegsames Leder 

Pfundleder 

Blechiges Leder 

Seitenblaetterleder 

Ivofferleder 

Xaturfarbiges Leder, unge- 

faerbtes 
Schmalleder, Pahl-, Ober- 
TJnterleder 



284 



Tanners' and Chemists'* Handbook. 





ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Leather, veals 


Mastkalbleder 


a 


, vellum 


Pergament (von Kalbfellen) 


« 


, wax upper 


Wichsleder, gewichstes 


a 


, well tanned 


Gares Leder 


Cl 


, welting 


Helles Leder (fuer Schuh- 
zwecke), Eandleder 


Leathery 


Ledern 


Leggins 


Gamaschen 


Level, to 


Vergleichen, egalisieren 


Lift out, to 


Herausnehmen 


Lighten the color, to 


Aufhellen 


Lime 




Kalk 


<i 


, to 


Aeschern 


i( 


, cream of, paste of 


Kalkbrei 


a 


, fresh 


Schwellaescher 


li 


liquor 


Aescherbruehe 


id 


, milk of 


Kalkmilch 


u 


offal 


Abfaelle (von gekalkten Haeu- 
ten) 


a 


, quick 


Aetzkalk 


(C 


soap 


Kalkseife 


iC 


water 


Kalkwasser 


<i 


, white 


Weisskalk 


Liming 


Aescherung 


li 


, wheel 


Drehkaelke 


Limes, old or rotten 


Faulaescher 


a 


, to wash out of 


Ablaeutern 


Linseed oil 


Leinoel 


Liquor 


Farbe, Bruehe, Gerbfluessigkeit 


<( 


, acid or sour 


Sauerbruehe, Schwellbeize 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



285 



ENGLISH. 

Liquor, sweet 

" , tail 

" , tawing 

" , waste 
Litharge 
Liver oil 
Loose 

" grain 
Luster 
Lye 
Manure 

" bate 

" , chicken 

" , pigeon 
Mark, to 
Marble, to 
Material, raw 
Mimosa 
Mixed color 
Moellon 
Moisture 
Mordant, to 
Mouldy 
Move, to 
Nail, to 
Natural colors 

(see Wood Colors) 
Neatsfoot oil 
Neck 

" , thick 



GERMAN. 

Suesse Lohbruehe 

Schlechte Lohbruehe 

Weissbruehe 

Abflussbruehe 

Bleiglaette 

Tran 

Lose, locker 

Losnarbig 

Glanz 

Lauge 

Kot 

Kotbeize 

Huehnerkot 

Taubenmist 

Markieren 

Sprenkeln 

Roliware 

Wattelrinde 

Mischfarbe 

Degras 

Wassergehalt 

Beizen 

Schimmelig, sporig 

Umwaelzen 

Aufnageln 



Klauenoel, Klauenfett 
Hals, Nacken 
Specknacken 



286 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 

OCCUPATION 

•Alum tanner 
Bark tanner 
Beamster 
Boarder 
Buffer 

Chamois tanner 
Chrome tanner 
Currier 
Finisher 
Flesher 
Fluffer 
Grainer 
Limer 
Parer 
Scudder 
Setter 
Shaver 
Skinner 
Staker 
Stoner 
Unhairer 
Whitener 



GERMAN. 

BEEUF 

Weissgerber 

Lohgerber 

Baumarbeiter 

Chagrinierer 

Bimser 

Saemischgerber 

Chromgerber 

Zurichter 

Zurichter 

Entfleischer 

Bimser 

Chagrinierer 

Aescherer 

DoUierer 

Glaetter^ Schaber 

Schlichter 

Falzer, Schlichter 

Abzieher 

Stoller 

Dollierer 

Enthaarer 

Blanschierer 



Oak bark, young- 
Offal 

One-bath process 
Oil 

" ,to 

" off, to 

" cloth 



Spiegelrinde 

Abfaelle, Lederabfaelle 

Einbadverfahren 

Oel 

Oelen, schmieren, tranen 

Einoelen, aboelen 

Wachstuch 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



287 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Oiled 


Geschmiert, geoelt 


OILS 


OELE 


Oil, birch 


Birkenoel 


" , bone 


Knochenoel, Knochenfett 


" , bottlenose 


Delphinoel 


" ,cod 


Dorschoel 


''* , cod liver 


Dorschlebertran, Lebertran 


" , fish 


Fischoel 


" , linseed 


Leinoel 


" , liver 


Tran 


" , menhaden 


Maifischoel 


" , neatsf oot 


Klauenfett, Klauenoel 


" , porpoise 


Meerschweintran, Tuemmleroel 


" , salmon 


Lachsoel 


" , seal 


Seehundoel, Eobbentran 


" , shark 


Haifischoel 


" , sperm 


Wallratoel 


'^ Arctic sperm 


Delphinoel, Delphintran 


" , straits 


Knestetran 


" , train 


Wallfischoel 


" , whale 


\¥alltran, Wallfischoel 


Oil stains 


Schmierflecke, Oelflecke 


Oxblood 


Ochsenblut 


Pack 


Satz, Partie 


Packer tallow 


Schlachthaustalg 


Paddle, to 


Haspeln, radschaufeln 


Paint, to 


Anschwoeden 


Pare, to 


Abschaben, falzen 


Parings 


Scherfieisch 


Paste of lime 


Kalkbrei 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Patch, to 


Ausbessern 


Patchy 


Flammig werden 


Pebble, to 


Chagrinieren 


Peel, to 


Schaelen 


Pelt 


Pelz 


Pickle, to 


Aussalzen 


Pieces 


Stuecke, Abfaelle 


Pigeon dung bate 


Taubenmistbeize, Taubenbeize 


Pile, to 


Aufstapeln, aufschlagen 


Piled 


Aufgeschichtet 


Pipey 


Losnarbig 


Pitch 


Pech 


Plump, to 


Aufschwellen, schwellen 


Plumped 


Gestoekt 


PLUMPING AGENTS 


SCHWELLUNGSMITTEL 


Acetic acid 


lilssigsaeure 


Formic acid 


Ameisensaeure 


Lactic acid 


Milchsaeure 


Sulphuric acid 


Schwefelsaeure- 


Plunge, to 


Aufkruecken 


Polish, to 


Polieren, glaenzen, glaetten 


Pumice, to 


Abbimsen 


Pumicing 


Abbimsen mit der Hand 


Pour off, to 


Abgiessen 


Precipitate 


Bodensatz 


Prepare, to 


Ansetzen 


Press, to 


Pressen, abpressen 


Puer, to 


Beizen 


" ,dog 


Hundekot 



Tanners" and Chemists' Handbook. 



289 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Pull, to 


Entwollen 


" out, to 


Herauszielien 


Pullery 


EntwoUerei 


Put out, to 


Ausrecken 


" back, to 


Hineinwerfen 


Putrify, to 


Faulen 


Puffctures 


Stiche 


Quick lime 


Aetzkalk, gebrannter Kalk 


Eaise, to 


Heben 


Haw material 


Eohware • 


Eeds 


Bodensatz 


Eeduce, to 


Eeduzieren 


Reducing bath 


Eeductionsbad 


Eeduction, first 


Yorreduction 


Eegrain, to 


Ueb erp antoff eln 


Eejects 


Ausschuss 


Eemove by sweating, to 


AbscliAvitzen 


" ,to 


Abnehmen 


Eepair, to 


Ausbessern 


Eestuff, to 


Wiederfetten 


Eetannage 


Kachgerbung 


Eework, to 


Ueberarbeiten 


Einse, to 


Spuelen, abschwenken, abspue- 




len 


Ecll, to 


Glasen, glaetten 


Eosin 


Harz 


Eoss 


Borke 


« ,to 


Entborken 


Eot, to 


Faulen, verf aulen 


Eub, to 


Abreiben, reiben 


Eubbery 


Gummiartig, Gummizuegigkeit 


Eump 


Steiss, Hintere 



290 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Run off, to 


Abziehen 


Ennner 


Strohfresser 


Saddening bath 


Dunkelungsbad 


Salt, to 


Einsalzen 


" out, to 


Aussalzen 


" rock 


Steinsalz 


" , sea 


Seesalz 


" stain 


Salztrippe 


" water 

• 


Salzwasser 


Sammy, to 


Abwelken, anfeuchten, anzie- 




hen lassen 


Saponify, to 


Yerseifen 


Satin glaze 


Satinglanz 


Saturate, to 


Saettigen 


Sawdust 


Saegespaene 


" dampening 


Anziehen lassen 


Scar 


jSTarbe 


Scars 


Schrammen 


Scrape, to 


Schrapen, absehaben, abkratzen 


Scrapings 


Greschabsel 


Scratch 


Narbe, Hautriss 


Scratches 


Schrammen, Hautrisse 


Scour, to 


Auswaschen, abziehen 


Scouring 


xA.uswaessern 


Scud, to 


Ausstossen, schaben, nachscha- 




ben, reinigen 


Season, to 


Lustrieren, -appretieren 


Seasoning 


Vorappretnr, Vorluester, Ap- 




pretur 


" (black made from beer) 


Bierschwaerze 


Second split 


Mittlere Spalt 


Section 


Durchschnitt 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



291 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Sediment 


x\blagerung 


Set, to . 


Fixieren 


" out^ to 


Aussetzen, stossen 


Settlings 


Bodensatz 


Settle^ to 


Absetzen 


Setting the grain 


Abfaerben 


" out 


Ausbauschen 


Sewage 


Abfallwasser, Abwaesser 


Shade, to 


Abtonen 


Shake, to 


Schuetteln 


Shank 


Sehenkel, Hinterschenkel 


Shape, to 


Faconnieren 


Shave, to 


Falzen, ausfalzen, schaben 


Shavings 


Abfaelle beini Falzen, Falz' 




- spaene 


" , wood 


Holzspaene 


Shearling 


Geschorenes Schaf 


Sheepskin 


Schatfell 


Shell 


Eossspiegel 


Shifts 


Farbengang 


Shrink, to 


Schnurren, runzeln 


Shoulder 


Hals 


Side 


Haelfte 


Sides 


Lederhaelften 


Sig 


Grund 


Sinew 


Sehne 


SKIN 


FELL 


Deacon 


Fell, todgeborenes 


Dressed skin 


" , zugerichtetes 


Dry salted skin 


" , trocken eingesalzenos 


Fur skin 


'^ (Pelz) 



292 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Goatskin 


Fell, Ziegen- 


Green hide 


" , f risches, f riseh abgezo- 




genes 


" salted skin or hide 


Fell, f eucht eingesalzenes 


Lambskin 


" , Lamm- 


Pelt 


" , enthaartes 


Eawhide 


" , rohes 


Eeject 


" , Ausschuss- 


Skiver 


" , gespaltenes 


Split 


" , gespaltenes 


Slunk 


" , imgeborenes 


Tanned hide 


" , gegerbtes 


Skive, to 


Abspalten, spalten, falzen 


Skivings 


Falzspaene 


Slack, to 


Loeschen, abloeschen 


Slacked lime 


Geloeschter Kalk 


Slaughter, to 


Schlachten 


Slaughter house 


Schlachthaus 


Sleek-haired 


Glathaarig 


Slick, to 


Ausrecken, glaetten, schlichten, 




reinmachen 


Slink 


Schaerfiing 


Smoke house 


Eaeucherkammer 


Smooth, to 


N'fCchfalzen 


Soaks 


Weichwasser, Treibfarbe 


Soak, to 


Anfeuehten, aufweichen, ein- 




weichen, waessern, weichen, 




quellen 


Soap 


Seife 


" ,lime 


Kalkseife 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



293 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Sod oil 


Degras, Weissgerberdegras 


Soften, to 


Weichmachen, einweichen 


" the hides, to 


Ausbrechen 


Sole, cut 


Zugeschnittene Sohle 


Sour bran 


Saure Kleie 


" liquor 


Sauerbruehe 


Spelflt tan 


Ausgezogene Lohe 


" tan furnace 


Lohfeuerung 


Spew 


Auschlag 


" ,to 


Ausbhiehen 


Splicing 


Spleissung 


SPLIT 


SPALT 


Flesh split 


Pleischspalt 


G-rain split 


Narbenspalt 


Skiver 


Duenner Spalt 


Split, to 


Spalten, abfalten 


'' , to liead 


Koepfe spalten 


Sponge, to 


Einlassen 


Spongy 


Lose, locker, schwaemmig 


Spots 


Plecke 


'' ,hard 


Verhaertungen 


Spready 


Flach 


Sprinkle, to 


Streuen, anfeuchten, sprenkeln 


Sprinkling 


Bestreuung 


Spring water 


Quellwasser 


Stack, to 


Aufschlagen 


Stake, to 


Aasstrecken, richten, aufstollen 




ausstollen, strecken 


" , to arm 


Strecken 



294 



Tanneks'' and Chemists^ Handbook, 



ENGLISH. 

Stake, to knee 
Stain, to 
Staining 
Stains 
Steam 

" sweating 
Steep, to 
Sticks 
Stir, to 

" up, to 
Stock, to 

" , green 
Stone, to 
Stoning 
Stove, to 
Straighten, to 
Strengthen, to 
Stretch, to 

" the ends, to 

" . out, to 
Strike, to 

" out, to 

" through, to 
Striker (made from beer) 

" (made from iron) 
Strip, to 
Stuff, to 
Stuffed 
Stuffing 

Suet 
Sugar, grape 



GERMAN. 

Stollen 

Streichen 

Streichverfahren 

Flecke 

Dampf 

Dampf schwitze 

Eintauchen 

Haengefarbe 

IJmruehren 

Aufkruecken 

Einwalken 

Gruene Waare 

Ausstossen 

Abbimsen mit dem Schleifstein 

Erwaermen 

Ausrecken 

Anschaerfen, verschaerfen 

Eichten, ausstrecken 

Auszipfeln 

Ausgraden, ausrecken 

Klopfen 

Eecken, ausrecken 

Durchschlagen 

Bierschwaerze 

Eisenschwaerze 

Schaelen 

Schraieren, einbrennen, f often 

Geschmiert 

T algeinb r ennung, G-e r b ef eft, 

Lederschmiere 
Unscblitt 
Traulxmzucker, Glycose 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



295 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Suspender 


Haengefarbe 


Sumac 


Sumach 


Sweat, to 


Schwitzen 


Sweating, cold 


Kaltschwitze 


" ,pile 


Schwitzhaufen 


" process' 


Schwitzverfahren 


^ , remove by 


Abschwitzen 


" , warm 


Warmes "Schwitzen 


" room 


Scbwitze 


Sweet liquor 


Suesse Lohbruehe 


Swell, to 


Schwellen, aufschwellen 


Switch 


Schweif 


Tack, to 


Aufnageln 


Tail 


Schwanz, Schweif 


" liquor 


Schlechte Lohbruehe 


Take off, to . 


Abnehmen 


" out, to 


Herausnehmen 


Talc 


Talkum, Federweiss 


Tallow 


Schmierfett, TJnschlitt, Talg. 




Fett 


" , packer 


Schlachthaustalg 


TALLOW AND PATS 


TALG UND FETTE 


Animal fat 


Tierfett 


Beef fat 


Eindstalg 


Bone tallow 


Knochentalg 


Lard 


Schmalz 


Marrow 


Markfett 


Mutton tallow 


Hammeltalg 


Ox tallow 


Ochsenfett 


Eendered tallow 


Ausgelassener Talg 


Suet 


TJnschlitt 


Suint 


Wollfett 


Wool grease 


Wollfett 



296 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Tan, to 


Lohgarmachen, garmachen, 




gerben 


" bark 


Lohe, Gerberlohe 


■ " by alnm 


Weissgerben, weissgarmachen 


" color 


Lohfarbe 


" , spent 


Ausgezogene Lohe 


TANKAGE 


GERBUNG 


Alum tannage 


Alaungerbung, Weiss- 


Chamois tannage 


Saemischgerbung 


Chrome tannage 


Chromgerbung 


Dongola tannage 


Dongolagerbung 


Empty tannage 


Leere Gerbung 


Quick tannage 


Schnellgerbung 


Oil tannage 


Fett- oder Oelgerbung 


Eetannage 


JSTachgerbung 


Slack tannage 


Leere Gerbung 


Soap tannage 


Seifengerbung 


Tanned 


Lohgare 


, " ,M1 


Gare, durchgegerbt 


" weight 


Gargewicht 


" , over 


Uebergegerbt 


Tanner, bark 


Rotgerber, Lohgerber 


Tannery 


Gerberei, Lohgerberei 


" , alum 


Weissgerberei 


" , chamois 


S aemischgerberei 


Tanning extract 


Gerbextrakt 


TANISHNG EXTRACTS 


GERBHOELZER 


Cliestnut 


Kastanie 


" bark 


Kastanienrinde 


" wood 


Kastanienholz 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 29*; 


ENGLISH. 


GEEMAN. 


Hemlock bark 


Hemlockrinde 


Oak bark 


Spiegellohe, Spiegelrinde, Ei- 




chenlohe 


" wood 


Eichenholz 


Wattle 


Gerberakazie 




LOHE GEBENDE 


-l^ANNING FEUITS 


ERIJECHTE 


Algarobilla 


Algarobilla 


Bablah 


Mimosaschote 


Divi divi 


Divi divi, Caesalpinie 


Knoppern or galls 


Knoppern 


Mimosa 


Mimosa 


Yalonea 


Ackerdoppen, Valonea 




LOHBRUEHE GEBENDE 


TANKING ROOTS 


WURZELN 


Barberry juice 


Berberitzensaft 


Canaigre 


Canaigre 


Palmetto 


Zwergpalme 


Vinette 


Berberitzensaft 


TANNING PROCESS 


GERBVERPAHREN 


Alum tan, to 


Weissgerben 


Bark tan, to 


Lohgerben 


Chrome tan, to 


Chromgerben 


Handle, to 


Bruehegerben 


Retan, to 


Weiter gerben 


TANNING SUBSTANCES 


GERBSUBSTANZEN 


Acacia 


Akazie 


Alder 


Erie 


Fir 


Fichte 


Hemlock 


S chierlingstanne 



298 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Ijarch 


Laerche 


Oak 


Eiche 


Pine 


Fichte 


Willow 


Weide 


Tannins, containing 


Gerbstoifhaltig 


" , rich in 


Gerbstoffreich 




GERBSTOFFE, 


TAKFIKS, VEGETABLE 


VEGETABILISCHE 


Algarobilla 


Algarobilla 


Cutch, Catechu 


Katechu 


Fir bark 


Ficlitenrinde 


Gamhier 


Gambler, Terra Japonica 


Gallnuts 


Gallaepfel 


Hemlock bark 


Hemlockrinde 


Mimosa bark 


Mimosarinde 


Oak bark 


Eichenrinde 


Pine bark 


Fichtenrinde 


Quebracho 


Quebracho 


Sumac 


Sumach 


Willow bark 


Weidenrinde 


Taw, to 


Weissgerben 


Tawing liquor 


Weissbruehe 


Tears 


Risse 


Teat 


Brustwarze 


Tensile strength ~ 


Zerreissbarkeit 


Texture 


Struktur 


Throw into the vat, to 


Hineinwerfen 


Tissue 


Gewebe 


" , connective 


Bindegewebe 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



299 



ENGLISH. 


ENGLISH. 


Tone 


Abtoenung 


" .to 


Abtonen 


Tl^^oning agent 


Abtoenungsmittei 


" bath 


Abtoenungsbad 


" clown 


Abtoenung, abflammen 


Toughness 


Zaehigkeit 


Top, to 


Bedecken 


Tray 


•Mulde 


Trim, to 


Besehneiden 


Trimmings 


Abschnitte, Hautabfaelle 


Tumble, to 


Stampfen 


Turn, to 


Wenden 


Uneven, to become 


Flammig werden 


IJnhair, to 


Enthaaren, paelen, abpaelen 


Unhaired hide 


Bloesse 


Unh airing 


Abhaarimg 


T"i"nslacked lime 


Ungeloeschter Kalk 


Vamp 


Vorderteil des Schuhes 


Yeal 


Mastkalb 


A'eins 


A^enen 


A"^ercligris 


Gruenspan 


Vinette 


Saurach, Berberitze 


'\¥ash, to 


Spuelen, waschen, ablaeutern, 




auswaschen 


Washing 


Auswaessern 


Waste 


Abfaelle 


" liquor 


Abflussbruehe 


" water 


Abfallwasser 


Water, lime 


Kalkwasser 


" , salt 


Salzwasser 


" , spring 


Quellwasser 


Waterproof, to 


Wasser dichtm achen 



300 



Tanners' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 


GEEMAN. 


Weight 


Gewicht 


" ,to 


Beschweren, fuellen 


" , beamhouse 


Weissgewicht, Bloessengewicht 


" , green 


Gruengewicht 


" , tanned 


Gargewicht 


Weighting 


Lederbeschwerung 


WEIGHTING MATEEIAL 


FUELLMITTEL 


Barium chloride 


Chlorbarium 


" sulphate 


Scliwerspat 


Bitter salt 


Bittersalz, Magnesiumsulphat 


Epsom salt . 


Bittersalz, Magnesiumsulphat 


Glucose 


Glycose, Staerkezucker, Trau- 




benzucker 


Heavy spar 


Schwerspat, Bariumsulphat 


Lead bloom 


Schwerspat, Bariumsulphat 


Sulphate of magnesia 


Schwefelsanres Magnesia 


Welt 


Kahmen 


Whiten, to 


Blanschieren 


Whitenings 


Blanschierspaene 


Wipe, to 


Abreiben 


WOOD COLOES 


NATUEELICHE PAEBEN 


Alkanet 


Alkannah 


Anatto 


Orlean 


Archil 


Orseille 


Avignon berries 


Gelbbeere 


Barberry 


Berberitze, Sauerdorn, Vinette 


Barwood 


Afrikanisches Eotholz 


Brazil wood 


Brazilienholz, Eotholz, Per- 




nambukholz 


Buckthorn 


Kreuzdorn 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



301 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Cutch 


Iioter Katechu 


Cochineal 


Kochenille 


Fustic 


Gelbholz 


Fustet, fistet 


Visetholz 


Indigo 


Indigblau 


" carmine 


Indigkarmin 


Lac^d5''e 


Lacklack 


Logwood 


Blauholz 


Persian berries 


Gelbbeere 


Pokeberry 


Kermisbeeren 


Saffron 


Safian 


Saf flower 


Eosablech, Safflor" 


Sandalwood 


Sandelholz 


Turmeric 


Kurcuma 


Wool 


WoUe 


" fat 


Degras, Wollfett 


" grease 


Degras, Wollfett 


Wool skin 


. Schaffell mit der Wolle 


Work, to 


Bearbeiten 


" in, to 


Einarbeiten 


" out, to 


Ausarbeiten 


Wrinkle, to 


Kunzehi 


Yield 


Rendement, Ertrag 


MACHINES, YATS, 


MASCHIFEK, GEUBEN, 


TOOLS, ETC. 


WEEKZEUGE 


Air compresser 


Luftkondensator 


" condensor 


Luftkondensator 


Apparatus 


Apparat 


Ax, barking 


Schaelbeil 


Bark cutter 


Eindenschneider 


" furnace 


Lollkesselfeuerung 



302 Tanners' and 

ENGLISH. 

Bark mill 

" stamp mill 

" tanlv 
Barkometer 

BEAM 

(Also, see Horse) 

Curriers' beam 
Draw beam 
Plate beam 
Table beam 
Unhairing beam 

BOARD 

Arm graining board 
Draining board or table 
Graining board 
Hand, graining board 
Pummel board 
Setting-ont table 



Chemists' Handbook. 

GERMAN. 

Lohmnehle 
Lohstampfe 
Lohbehaelter 
Messapparat 

BAUM, GERBERBAUM, 

STREICHBAUM, 

FALZBAKK 

Abstossbanm, Palz, Streichbank 

StoUpfahl 

Falzplatte 

Palztisch 

Haarbanm, Streichbaum 

BRETT, HOLZ, PLATTE, 
TAPEL 

Armpantoff elh olz 

Ablaufbrett 

Kripselholz 

Handpantoffelliolz 

Knpselholz 

Auflegebrett 



Brush, stuffing 

Caliper 

Corkboard 

Cutter 

Crutch 

CYLINDER 

Grease extractor 
Glass roller 
" cylinder 



Schmierbuechse 

Sclilichtzange 

Pantoffel 

Schneide 

Kruecke, Stollkruecke 

CYLINDER, ZYLINDER 

Entfettungscylinder 

Glascylinder 

Glascylinder 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



303 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


Glazing roller 


Blankstosscylinder 


" cylinder 


Glascylinder 


Disintegrator 


Pulverisierer, Disintegrator 


DRUM 


TROMMEL, FASS 


Colo^ng drum 


Faerbetrommel 


Drum 


Walkfass 


Soaking vat 


Treibfass 


Stuffing drum 


Fettfass, Schmiertrommel 


Tan vat 


Treibfass 


Tanning vat ' 


Gerbefass ■ 


" drum 


Gerbewalkfass 


Tumbler 


Walkfass 


Extractor 


Extraktor 


Funnel 


Fuelltrichter 


Glass 


Glas 


" slicker 


Glasierglas, Glasschlicker 


Glazing glass 


Blankstosskugel 


Gutter 


Rinne 


Hammer 


Hammer 


" , marking 


Klopfhammer 


" , steam 


Dampfhammer 


Handler 


'Gerberbruehe 


Hide mill 


Kurbelwalke 


Hopper 


Fuelltrichter 


HOESE 


BOCK, TRETHORDE 


Beam 


Gerbebock 


Fleshing beam 


Schabbock 


Kriee-staking beam 


Stollbock 


Shaving beam 


Falzbock 



304 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 

Hurdle 

H3^dro extractor 

KKIPE OR IRON 
Beam knife 
Breaking iron 
Cratch 
Flatiron 
Fleshing knife 



Graining tool 
Moon knife 
Paring knife 
Scraper knife 
Scraping knife 
Scouring knife 
Scudding knife 
Shaving knife 

Skinning knife 
Sticker 
Spud knife 
Trimming knife 
Unhairing knife 

Whitening knife 
Worker 
Working tool 

LIMES 
Arsenic limes 

Dead limes 



GERMAN. 

Trethorde 
Zentrifuge 

MESSER, EISEN 

Schabmesser 

Ausbrecheisen 

Streicheisen 

Placheisen 

Schabeisen, Ausstossmesser, 
Abfleischmesser, Entfieisch- 
messer, Schabmesser, Scher- 
degen 

Narbeisen 

Slottmondmesser 

Schlichtmondmesser 

Schlichteisen 

Schlichteisen 

Anstossmesser 

Putzmesser, Abschabeisen 

Ealzmesser, Falzeisen, Abstoss- 

messer 
Abhaeutemesser 
Ausreckeisen 
Streckeisen 
Beschneidemesser 
Abhaarmesser, Streichmesser, 

Haarmesser, Haareisen, 
Schlichtmesser, Blanschiereisen 
Streicheisen 
Putzeisen 

AESCHER 
Arsenikaescher 
Todter Aescher 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



305 



ENGLISH. 

Fresh limes 
Old limes 
Plumping limes 
Poison limes 
Eelimes 
Eotten limes 
JJses^ limes 



GERMAN. 

Frischer, Weissaescher 

Fauler Aescher 

Schwellaescher 

Arsenikaescher 

jSTachaescher 

Fauler Aescher 

Gebrannter, schwacher Aescher 



Leveler 

Leveller 
Loft, drying 



Ebener 

Kivellierer, Zurichter 

Trockenanfhaengeboden 



MACHIITE 

Bark mill 
" press 
Band-knife splitting machine 
Belt cutting machine 
Boarding machine 
Brushing machine 
Buffing machine 
Finishing machine 
Fleshing machine 
Fluffing machine 
Grraining machine 

Headsplitting machine 
Hydraulic press 
Paddle wheel 
Pebbling machine 
Eolling machine 

" jack 
Scouring machine 



MASCHINE 

Lohbrech-Maschine 

Trocken-Maschine 

tBandmesserspalt-Maschine 

Eippenschneide-Maschine 

Krispel-Maschine 

Buer sten-Ma schine 

Lederschleif-Maschine 

Zuricht-Maschine 

Entfleisch-Maschine 

Bims-, Dollier-Maschine 

Koemer-Maschine, Chagrinier- 

Maschine 
Kopfspalt-Maschine 
Press-Maschine 
Haspel-Maschine 
Chagrinier-Maschine 
Haemmer-Maschine 
Glaett-Maschine 
Ausstoss-Maschine, Eeck- 



306 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



ENGLISH. 

Seasoning machine 
Setting-out machine 
Shaving machine 
Splitting machine 
Mallet, wooden 
Mill 

" , nut 
Paddle wheel 
Pail 

Paumelle of cork 
Pegs 

Pipe, wooden 
Pit (see Yat) 
Plate 

" beam 
Plunger 

Pole, stretching 
Polishing; tool 



PEESS 



Bark press 
Filter press 
Tan press 



GERMAN.- 

Appreturauftrag-Maschine 

Ausreck-Maschine 

Falz-Maschine 

Spalt-Maschine 

Holzkloepsel 

Muehle 

ISTussmuehle 

Haspel 

Kurbel 

Pantoffel 

Pfloecke, Eippen 

Holzrohr 

Tisch 

Falzplatte 

Kruecke, Tauchstange, Walker- 

keule 
StoUstock 
Polierwerkzeug 



PEESSE 



Lohpresse 

Klaerpresse 

Lohpresse 



Pulverizer 



Pumice stone 
Pump, liquor 
Room, drying 



Pulverisierer, Schleudermueh- 
le, Disintegrator 

Bimstein 

Bruehenpumpe 

Trockengestell 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



307 



ENGLISH. 


GERMAN. 


EOLLEE 


WALZE, EOLTiE 


Brass leather roller 


Karrenwalze 


Pendulum roller 


Pendelwalze 


Setter 


Zurichter, Ebener 


Settier 


Klaerkasten 


Settling vat 


Klaerbasin 


Singeing Jet 


Plammrohr 


Skewers 


Holznaegel 


Slates 


Auswaschstein 


Slating stone 


Glaettstein 


Soaks 


Weiche 


Sprinkler leach 


Auslaugeapparat 


Sticks 


Aufhaenge 


Stirrer 


Euehrer 


Stretcher 


StolUdinke 


STEEL 


STAHL 


Currier's steel 


Legestahl 


Shaving steel or knife 


Falzstahl 


Whitening steel or knife 


Blanschierstahl 


Suspenders 


Aufhaenge 


Sweating room 


S ch witzkammer 


Table 


Tisch, Auswaschstein, Tafel 


Tank 


Behaelter 


" , water 


Wasserbehaelter 


TAN VAT 


PAEBE 


Coloring table 


Parbeplatte 


« wheel 


Haspelfarbe 



808 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 

english. german. 



Handler 


Aufschlagfarbe 


Plumping liquor 


Schwellf arbe 


Sticks 


Haengefarbe 


Suspender 


Haengefarbe 


Tramway 


Schienenweg 


Tray 


Trog, Mulde 


Tub 


Kufe 


VAT 


GEUBB, GESCHIRH 


Bating vat 


Beizkufe, Purgebuette 


Handler 


Lohgrube 


Lay away 


Versenkgrube 


Plumping vat 


Schwellgrube 


Soaking vat 


Treibfarbengrube, Einweich- 




grube 


Sweating vat 


Scbwitzgrube 


Tan vat 


Lohgrube, Versatzgrube, Beiz- 




kufe 



DICTIONARY OF TANNING 
TERMS 

GERMAN— ENGLISH 



DICTIONARY OF TANNING TERMS 



GEKMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


A^seite 


Mesh side, Flesh 


Abbimsen 


to fluff, to buff, to pumice, to 




stone 


" (auf der Meischseite) 


to fluff 


" ( auf der N'arbenseite ) 


to buff 


" (mit der Hand) 


to pumice 


" (mit dem Scbleif stein) 


to stone 


" (auf dem Ead) 


to buff on the wheel 


Abdeekerei 


Flaying place 


Abfaelle 


Offal, waste, pieces 


" (von gekalkten Haeuten) 


Glue stock, lime offal 


" (beim Palzen) 


Shavings 


Abfallwasser 


Sewage, waste water 


Abfaerben 


to crock, to smut, to set the grain 


Abflammen 


to tone 


Abfieischen 


to flesh 


Abflussbruebe 


waste liquor 


Abgiessen 


to decant, to pour off 


Abhaaren 


to unhair, to remove the hair 


ABKLAEEUNGS- 


CLARIFICATIO?^^ 


METHODBK 


METHODS 


Blutalbumin 


Blood albumin 


Chlor 


Chlorine 


Chlorzinn 


Chloride of tin, stannous chlor- 




ide 



312 



Tann"eks' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Essigsaures Blei 
Schwefligsaures Salz 
TTnterschwefligsaures Salz 

Abkratzen 
Abkiiehlen 
Ablagerung 
AblaeTitern 

Abloeschen 

Abnarben 

Abnebnien 

Aboelen 

Abpaelen 

Abpressen 

Abreiben 

" (rait Ton) 
Abschaben 
Abschleifen 
Abschnitte 
Ab schnitzel 
Abschwenken 
Abschwitzen 
Absetzen 
Abspalten 
Abspuelen 
Abstiifung 
Abtoenen 
Abtoenung 
Abtoenungsbad 
Abtoenungsmittel 
Abtraenken der G-ruben 
xAbtropfenlassen 
Abwaesser 



ENGLISH. 

Acetate of lead^ sugar of lead 

Sulphite, sodium sulphite 

Hyposulphite, liypo, hyposul- 
phite of soda 

to scrape 

to cool 

Sediment, deposit 

to wash out of the limes, to 
wash 

to slack 

to buff the grain 

to take off, to buff, to remove 

to oil off. 

to unhair 

to press 

to rub off, to wipe 

to chalk 

to scrape, to pare 

to rub, to grind 

Trimmings 

Clippings 

to rinse 

to remove by sweating 

to settle 

to skive, to split 

to rinse 

Grade 

to shade, to tone 

Toning down, tone 

Toning bath 

Toning agent 

to fill the tan vats 

to drain 

Sewage 



Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 



313 



GERMAN. 

Abwelken 
Ab Ziehen 

Aescherbruehe 

Aeschem 

Aesclierung 

Ae^kalk 

Alaungarniachen 

Anfaerben 

Anfaerbung 

Anfeuchten 

Anfeuchtung 
Angerben 
Angerbung, erste 
Anschaerfen 
Anschwoeden 

Ansetzen 

Antrocknen 

Anziehenlassen 

Appretieren 

Appretur 

Aufbuersten 

Aufgequollen 

Aufgeschichtet 

Aufhellen 

Aufkrausen 

Aufkraeusein 

Aufkruecken 

Aufnageln 

Aufnehmen 

Aufschlasren 



ENGLISH. 

to sammy, to partially dry 
to draw off^ to run off, to scour. 

to buff 
Lime liquor 
to lime 
Ijiming 
Quick lime 
to alum tan 

to color, to set the grain 
Coloring, setting the grain 
to soak, to sprinkle, to sammy, 

to dampen 
Sammying, dampening 
to color, to set the grain 
setting the grain, handling 
to strengthen 
to paste the flesh with lime, to 

paint 
to prepare 
to dry 

to sammy, to sawdust 
to season 
Season 
to brush 

Distended, swollen 
Piled 

to lighten the color 
to board 
Boarding 

to plunge up, to stir up 
to nail, to tack 
to absorb 
to stack the hides, to pile the 

hides 



314 



Tanners' and Chemists" Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Aufschlagfarbe 

Aufschwellen 

Aufstapeln 

Aufstollen 

Auftrag 

Auftragen 

Auftunken 

Aufwalken 

iVufweichen 

Ausbauchen 

Ausbessern 

Ausbluehen 

Ausbreehen 

Ausfalzen 

Ausfleischen 

Ausgezogene Lohe 

Ausgraden 

Auslaugen 

Auslaugung 

Ausrecken 

. Aussalzen 
Aussclilag 
Aiisschlicliteri 
Ausschneiden 
Ausschuss 
Aussetzen 
Ausstellen 
Ausstossen 

Ausstrecken 
Ausstreichen 
Auswaschen 
Aiiswaessern 



ENGLISH. 

Handling vat, handier 

to plump, to swell 

to pile 

to stake 

Coat 

to coat 

to brush 

to drum 

to soak 

to set out ' 

to patch, to repair, to improve 

to spew 

to soften, to soften the hides 

to shave 

to flesh 

Spent tan 

to stretch out, to straighten 

to leach, to extract 

the extraction 

to slick, to set out, to put out, 

to stretch 
to salt out, to pigkle 
Spew 

to slick out 
to cut out 
Culls, rejects 
to set out 
to stake 
to scud, to break, to set out, to 

stone 
to stretch, to stake 
to strike, to break, to drain 
to clear, to scour, to wash 
Washing, clearing, scouring 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



315 



GERMAN. 



Ausziehen 

Auszipfeln 

Bauch 

Bearbeiten 

Bedecken 

Behandeln 

Beh^ndlung 

Beizbruehe 

Beize 

Beizen 

Beizprocess 



ENGLISH. 

to extract^ to leach 

to stretch the ends 

Belly. 

to work 

to cover^ to top 

to treat;, to manipulate 

the treatment 

Bate 

Bate, puer, drench, mordant 

to bate, to puer, to drench, to 

mordant 
Bating process 



BERUF 

WASSERWERKSTAETTE 

Abzieher 

Aescherer 

Baumarbeiter 

Entfleischer 

Enthaarer 

Glaetter 

Schaber 

Weichmacher 



CALLING, OCCUPATION 

BEAMHOUSE 

Skinner 
Limer 
Beamster 
Flesher 
Unliairer 
Scudder 
Scud del- 
Staker, softener 



GEEBEREI 

Chromgerber 
Lohgerber 
Saemischgerber 
Weissgerber 



YARD 

Chrome tanner 
Bark tanner 
Chamois tanner 
Alum tanner 



316 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

ZUEICHTEEEI 

Bimser 

BlanscMerer 

Chagrinierer 

DoUierer 

Falzer 

SchlicMer 

Stoller 

Zurich ter 



ENGLISH. 

FINISHING 

Fluffer, buffer 

Whitener 

Grainer, boarder 

Stoner, parer 

Sbaver 

Setter out, shaver 

Staker 

Finisher, currier 



Beschneiden 
Beschweren 
Bestreuung 
Bierschwaerze 

Bimsen 

Binclegewebe 

Bindesubstanz 

Bittling 

Blanschieren 

Blanschierspaene 

Blankstossen 



BLEICHMITTEL 

Hydrosulphit 
Uebermangansaures Kali 
Wasserstoffsuperoxid 
Zinnsalz 



to trim 

to weight 

Dusting, sprinkling 

Black seasoning made of beer, 

striker made of beer 
to pumice, to flufE, to buff, to 

wet grind 
Connective tissue, gelatinous 

fiber 
Gelatinous fiber 
Kip, heifer 
to whiten 
Whitenings 
to o:laze ^ 



BLEACHING MATEEIAL 

Hydrosulphite of soda 
Potassium permanganate 
Hydrogen peroxid 
Tin salts, tin chloride 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



317 



GERMAN. 



Bleigiaette 
Bloesse 

Bloessengewicht 
Bodensatz 

Borke 

Brandsohle 
Brochieren 



Bruehe 

Brustwarze 

Buersten 

Chagrin 

Chagrinieren 

Cronponnieren 

Croupons 

Dainpf 

Dampfschaelung 

Dampfschwitze 

Debordieren 

Dekokt 

Degras 

Dollieren 
Doppelhaeutig 
Drehkaelke 
Dimkelungsbad 

Durchgegerbt 

DiTichschlagen 

Diirchschnitt 

Egalisieren 

Eiclielbecher 



ENGLISH. 

Litliarge 

Unh aired hide 

Beamhouse weiglit 

Dregs, precipitate, settlings, 
reds 

Ross, cork layer 

Counter 

Egging, washing glove kid be- 
fore d3dng with tepid water 
and egging 

Liquor 

Teat 

to brush 

Pebble, grain 

to pebble, to grain 

to crop 

Butts, crops, bends 

Steam 

Steam stripping 

Steam SAveating 

Bruising 

Decoction 

Sod oil, degras, wool fat, wool 
grease, moellon 

Doling 

Baggy 

Wheel liming 

Saddening bath, darkening 
liquor 

Full tanned 

to strike through 
Section 

to level 
Acorn 



318 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN, 

Eid otter 

Einarbeiten 

Einb adverf ah ren 

Einbrennen 

Eindicken 

Einlassen 

Einlegen 

Einoelen 

Einsalzen 

Einsclimieren 

Einsehnitte 

Eintauchen 

Einweichen 

Einwalken 

Eiweiss 

Engerling 

Entborken 

Entfetten 

Entfleischen 

Entgerben 

Enthaaren 

ENTHAAEIJNGSMITTEL 

Aramoniak 

Bariimihj'^drat 

Kieselsaures I^^atron 

i^Tatron 

Schwefelbarmm 

Schwefelnatron 

Schwefelkalemm 



ENGLISH. 

Egg yolk 

Soaking 

One-bath process 

to stuff 

to boil down, to concentrate 

to absorb, to sponge 

to lay away 

to oil off 

to salt 

Tallowing 

Incisions 

to dip, to steep 

to soften, to soak 

to full, to stock 

Egg albumin 

Grub 

to ross, to remove the ross 

to degrease 

to flesh 

Freeing hides from tannic acid 

to unhair, to depilate, to scud 

DEPILAT0EIE8 

Ammonia 

Hydrate of barium 

Silicate of soda 

Soda 

Sulphide of barium 

Sulphide of soda 

Sulphide of lime 



Entkalken 

Entkalkungsprocess 

Entleeren 



to delime 

Bating 

to empty, to discharge 



Tannees' and Chemists' Handbook. 



319 



GERMAN. 

Entsaeiiren 

Entwollen 

Eiitwollerei 

p]Twaermen 

Erweichen 

Essiggaehrung 

Extraktbruehe 

Extraktivstoff 

Faconnieren 

Fallen 

Faellen 

Falzen 

l"^alzspaone 

Farbe 

Farben geben 

Farbengang 

Faerben 

" (in der Gerberei) 
" (in der Faerberei) 
" (auf der Platte) 
" (dnrch. Eintauchen) 
" (im Walkfass) 
" (im Haspel) 
" (in der Mulde) 
" (in der Trommel) 
" (mit der Buerste) 



ENGLISH. 

to free from acid 

to pull 

Puller}^ 

to stove 

to soak, to soften 

Acetic fermentation 

Extract liqnor 

Extractive matter 

to shape, to dress 

to drop 

to fell 

to shave, to skive, to pare 

Shavings, skivings 

Liquor, color 

to handle 

Shifts 

to dye, to color 

to color the stock 

to color, to d5^e 

to paint, to color on the table 

to color by dipping 

to color in the drum 

to color in the paddle 

to color in the tray, or box 

to color in the drum 

to brush color 



Farbhoelzer 

Farbstoffe 

Farbueberzug 

Paulen 

Faulaescher 

Federweiss 



Dyewoods 

Dyestuffs, reds 

Coat, color coating 

to putrify, to decay, to rot 

Old limes, rotten limes 

French chalk, talc 



320 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



Fell 



GEKMAN. 

, ausschuss- 

, enthaartes 

, feuclit eingesalzenes 

, f risch abgezogenes 

, ganzes 

, gegerbtes 

, gespaltenes 

, Lamm- 

mit der Wolle 

(Pelz) 

, rohes 

, f risches 

, todgeborenes 

, trocken eingesalzenes 

, "ungeborenes 

, Tingegerbtes 

, zTigerichtetes 



ENGLISH. 

Skin 
Eeject 
Pelt 

Green salted hide 
Green hide 
Whole skin, roan 
Tanned hide or skin 
Skiver, split 
<Lamb skin 
Wool skin 
Fur 

Eawhide 
Green hide 
Deacon 

Dry salted hide 
Slunk 

Eawhide, pelt 
Dressed skin 



Fellgewebe 
Fellstapel 



Fibers of the skin 
Bale of skins 



FETT 

Fett, abstoss- 

" , ausgeschmolzenes 
Petten (im Walkfass) 
Fettschmiere 
Fixieren 
Flach 
Flaehme 

Flammig werden 
Flanken 



FAT, GEBASE, TALLOW 

Table grease 

Eendered grease, tanners' grease 

to stuff 

Fat liquor 

to set 

Spready 

Flank 

to become uneven, patchy 

Flanks 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



32:1 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


Flecke ' 


Spots, stains 


Fleischseite 


Flesh side 


Fleischspalt 


Flesh split 


Fliessen 


to clear 


Fuellen 


to charge, to fill, to weight 


' FUELLMITTEL 


WEIGHTING MATERIAL 


Bittersalz 


Epsom salt, sulphate of mag- 




nesia. Bitter salt 


Chlorbarium 


Barium chloride 


Glykose 


Glucose 


Schwefelsaure Magnesia 


Sulphate of magnesia, Epsom 




salt 


Schwerspat 


Barium sulphate, leadbloom 


Staerkezucker 


Glucose 


Traiibenzucker 


Glucose 


Gamaschen 


Leggins 


Gare 


Full tanned 


Gargewicht 


Tanned weight 


Garmachen 


to tan 


Gaerimg 


Fermentation 


" ,faule 


Putrid fermentation 


" , same 


Acid fermentation 


GAEEUNGSMITTEL 


FERMENTS 


Kleie 


Bran 


Huehnerkot 


Chicken manure, chicken dung 


Hundekot 


Dog manure, dog dung 


Melasse 


Molasses 


Taubenkot 


Piseon manure or duner 



322 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Gegen den Strich 

Gelatin 

Gerbarten 

Gerbextrakt 

Gerbfluessigkeit 



ENGLISH. 

Against the grain 
Gelatine 
Tannages 
Tanning extract 
Liquor 



GEEBHOELZER (Extrakte) TAmYIATG EXTRACTS 

Eichenholz Oakwood 

Gerberakazie Wattle 

Gerberlohe Oak bark 

Hemlockrinde Hemlock bark 

Kastanie Chestnut 

Kastanienrinde Chestnut bark 

Kastanienholz Chestnut wood 

Eosskastanie Horse chestnut 

Spiegellohe Oak bark 

Spiegelrinde Oak bark 



Gerbmaterial 
Gerbsaeure 
Gerbsaeure-Extrakt 
Gerbstoff 

GEEBSTOPFE, 
YEGETABILISCHB 

Algarobilla 

Eichenrinde 

Fichtenrinde 

Gallaepfel 

Katechu 

Mimosarinde 
Weidenrinde 



Tanning material 
Tannin, tannic acid 
Tannin extract 
Tannins 

VEGETABLE TANMNS 

Algarobilla 

Oak bark 

Pine bark, fir bark 

Gallnuts 

Cutch, catechu, terra japonica, 

gambler 
Mimosa bark 
Willow bark 



Tanneks' and Chemists" Handbook. 



323 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


GBRBSTOFFE, 


MINEEAL 


MIKBEALISCHE 


TANNING MATEEIALS 


Alaun 


Altim 


Chrom 


Chrome 


Eisen 


Iron 


G^'Bstoffhaltig 


Containing tannins 


Gerbstoifreich 


Eieh in tannins 


GEEBSUBSTANZEN 


TANNING SUBSTANCES 


Akazie 


Acacia 


Eiche 


Oak 


Erie 


Alder 


Fichte 


Pine, fir 


Foehre 


Fir 


Laerclie 


Larch 


Scliierlingstanne 


Hemlock 


Weide 


Willow 


GEEBUNG 


TANNAGE 


Gerbung, Alaun- 


Alum tannage, tawing 


" ,Chrom- 


Chrome tannage 


" , Dongola- 


Dongola tannage, combination 




tannage 


" , Fass- 


Drum tannage 


" , Fett- 


Oil tannage, chamois tannage 


" , Gniben- 


Vat tannage 


" , leere 


Slack or empty tannage 


" ,mch- 


Eetannage 


" , Saemiseh- 


Chamois tannage, oil tannage 


" , Schnell- 


Quick tannage 


" ,,Seifen- 


Soap tannage 


" , Weiss- 


Alum tannase 



324 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Gerbverfahren 

GEEBEI^T 
Grerben (im Bruelien) 
" (mit Lohe) 
" ,Weiss- 
" , welter 



ENGLISH. 

Tanning process 

TO TAN" 

to handle 

to tan with bark 

to tow, to alum tan 

to retan 



Gerberei 

Gerberfett 

Gerberlohe 

Gerbschabsel 

Geschmlert 

Gestockt 

Getrocknet 

" , scharf 
Gewebe 
Glanz 

Glanzappretur 
Glaenzen 
Glasen 
Glaetten 
Glathaarig 
Glazieren 
Grainleren 
Griebe 
Griff 

Grubenziehen 
Grund 
Grimdhaare 
Gruengewlcht 
Gruenspan 
Gummiznegigkeit 



Tannery 

Grease, stuffing 

Tanbark 

Scrapings 

Oiled, stuffed 

Plumped 

Dried 

Flint dry, bone dry 

Tissue 

Luster 

Glaze finish 

to glaze, to polish 

to roll, to glass 

to slick, to polish, to roll 

Sleek haired 

to glaze 

to grain, to break 

to greave 

Feel, body 

to empty the vats 

Sig 

Pine hair, short hair 

Green weight 

Verdigris 

Eubberv 



TanjSTers' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



325 



GERMAN. 

Haare 

Haarlassig 

Haarseite 

Haartasche 

Haarwurzel 

Haelfte 

"^ ernes, Croupons 
Hals 

Haengefarbe 
Harz 
Haspeln 
Hatitabfaelle 
Hautfaser 
Hautpiilver 
Hautriss 



ENGLISH. 

Hair, coat 
Hairslip 

Grain side, hair side 

Hair bulb 

Root of the hair 

Side 

Bends 

ISTeck, shoulder 

Sticks, suspender 

Rosin 

to paddle 

Trimmings 

Hide fiber 

Hide powder 

Scratch 



HAEUTB 

Haeute, arsenische 

" , aufgeqiiollene 

" , aufgesehichtete 

" , aufgeschwellte 

" , aufgetriebene 

" mit Pelz oder Haare 

" , beschimmelte 

" , beschwerte 

" , duennrueckige 

" , f rische 

" , gedrungene 

" , gegerbte 

" , gesalzene 

" , geschwellte 

" , gespaltene 



HIDES 

Arsenic cured hides 

Plumped hides 

Piled hides 

Swollen or plumped hides 

Plumped hides 

Skins in the hair 

Mouldy hides 

Weighted hides 

Hides thin in the back 

Green hides 

Stout hides 

Tanned hides 

Salted hides 

Swelled or plumped hides 

Splits 



326 



Tantsters' and Chemists'' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Haeiite, gestreckte 

" , getriebene 

" , gruene 

" , gruen-gesalzene 

" , gewaesserte 

" , Kips- 

" , Lancl- 

"^ , morschige 

" , Piquere- 

" , Eind- 

" , Schlachthaus- 

" , schrumpfige 

" , starkschnittige 

" , trockne 

" , trockengesalzene 

" , iieberschwellte 

" , unziigericMete 

" , wurmbescliaedigte 

" in die Beize bringen 

" in die Schwitzc bringen 

" in Kalk legen 

" schwellen 

" spalten 

" ziiricbten 



ENGLISH. 

Strctclied hides 
Extra heavy hides 
Green hides 
Green salted hides 
Washed hides 
' Kips 
Conntry hides 
Tender hides 
Wormy hides 
Cow hides 
Packer hides 
Badly dried hides 
Badly cut hides 
Dried hides 
Dry salted hides 
Extra heavy hides 
Eongh hides 
Grubby hides 
to bate the hides 
to sweat the hides 
to lime the hides 
to plump hides 
to split hides 
to dress hides 



Heben 
Herausnelimen 

Herausziehen 
Hineinwerfen 

Hinterklaue 



to raise 

to haul out, to lift out, to take 

out 
to draw out, to pull out 
to put back, to throw into the 

vat 
Hind shank 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



327 



GBEMAN, 

Hinterschenkel 

Hintere 

Hinterteil 

Hirnschnitt 

Hohle Flanken 

Holzspaene 

Huehnerkot 

Hnehnermistbeize 

Hundekot 

Hilt 

KaJk 

" , gebrannter 
" , geloeschter 
" , ungeloeschter 

Kalkbrei 

Kalkmilch 

Kalkseife 

Kalkwasser 

Kaltscliwitze 

Karnmfett 

Kernigkeit ' 

Klaerbad 

Klaue 

Klauenfett 

Kleie 

Kleienbeize 

Kleie^ same 

Klopfen 

Kliiempchen 

Knetend 

Knochenfett 

Knochenleim 

Knochenoel 

Knorpel 



ENGLISH. 

Hind shank 
Eiimp, butt 
Eump^ butt 
Cut across the grain 
Hollow flanks, loose flanks 
Shavings, chips 
Chicken manure 
chicken dung bate 
Dog puer, dog dung 
Cover of the layers 
Lime 

Quick lime 
Slacked lime 
IFnslacked lime 
Paste of lime, cream of lime 
Milk of lime 
Lime soap 
Lime water 
Cold sweating 
Horse grease 
Close grain 
Clearing bath 
Claw, hoof 
JSIeatsfoot oil 
Bran 

Bran drench 
Sour bran 
to strike 
Clots 
Knea ding- 
Bone oil 

Chondrin, bone g] ue 
Bone oil 
Gristle, cartilage 



328 



Tanners' and Chemists'* Handbook. 



GERMAN. 



Koepfe spalten 

Korkschicht 

Korn 

Koernchen 

Kot 

Kotbeize 

Kretiz 

Knerscliner 

Lackieren 

Lam mf ell 

Landhaut 

Lauge 

IjaeTitern 

Laeutertingsbad 



ENGLISH. 

to head split 

Corky layer 

Grain 

Gramiles 

Dung, manure 

Manure bate 

Croup (of horses), rump 

Furrier 

to enamel 

Lambskin 

Country hide 

Lye 

to clear 

Clearing bath 



LEDEK 

Leder, alaungares 
, beflecktes 
, bereitetes 
, beschmutztes 
, biegsames 
, bleehiges 
, chagriniertes 
, chromgares 
, duenn gespaltenes 
, f eines 
, f ettgares 
, gares 
, genaerbtes 
, gepresstes 
, geschmeidiges 
, geschmiertes 



LEATHER 

Alum tanned leather 

Stained or spotted leather 

Curried or prepared leather 

Dirty leather 

Supple leather 

Tinny leather 

Boarded or grained leather 

Chrome tanned leather 

Skiver 

Fancy leather 

Fat liquored leather 

Well tanned leather 

Grained or boarded leather 

Embossed leather 

Pliable leather 

Oiled leather 



Tanners^ and Chemists' Handbook. 



329 



GERMAN. 

Leder, gewichstes 

, lackiertes 

, lohgares 
narbiges 
naturfarbiges 
rohgegerbtes 
rotgares 
saemischgares 
satiniertes 
schimmeliges 
schwammiges 
schwieliges 
spiessiges 
sporiges 
sumachgares 
trockengefaerbtes 
unfertiges 
ungares , 
unzugerichtetes 
weissgares 
zugerichtetes 



ENGLISH. 

Wax upper 
Patent leather 
Bark tanned leather 
Embossed leather 
Uncolored leather 
Leather in the crust 
Bark tanned leather 
Chamois leather 
Satin leather 
Mouldy leather 
Spongy leather 
Horny leather 
Slack tanned leather 
Mouldy leather 
Sumac tanned leather 
Brush dyed leather 
Leather in the crust 
Slack tanned leather 
Eough leather 
Alum tanned leather 
Curried leather 



Lederabfaelle 

Lederabschnitte 

Le derb eschw erung 

Lederhaelften 

Lederschmiere 

Ledem 

LEDEESOETEN 
Ledersorten fuer Fliegennetze 

" fuer die Seiten des Sattels 
Abfall-Leder 



Offal 

Cuttings, clippings 
Weighting of leather 
Sides 
Stuffing- 
Leathery 

KINDS OF LEATHEE 

Ely netting 
Skirting 
Scrap leather 



330 



TANiiTERS' AND ChEMISTS' HANDBOOK. 



GEHMAN. 

Absatzleder 

Bastardlecler 

Binderienienleder 

Blankleder 

Bocldeder 

Brandsolilleder 

Buell'elleder 

Chagrinleder 

Duennes Spaltleder 

Elenleder 

Fahlleder 

Fleckenleder 

Futterleder 

Gemsleder 

Geschirrleder 

Glanzleder 

Glaceleder 

Guertelleder 

Halbsohlleder 

Handschuhleder 

Helles Leder fuer Schuh 

Zwecke 
Himdeleder 
Juchtenleder 
Kalbleder 
Kidleder 
Korduanleder 
Kofferleder 
Koernerleder 
Kratzenleder 
Lackleder 
Leimleder 
Luxusleder 
Mastkalbleder 



ENGLISH. 

Heel leather 
Persians 
Lace leather 
Harness leather 
Kid 

Inner soling 
BufPalo leather 
Morocco leather 
Skiver 
Elk leather 
Upper leather 
Lifts ■ 
Linings 

Chamois leather 
Harness leather 
Patent leather 
Kid glove leather 
Belt leather 
Inner soling 
Glove leather 
Welting 

Dogskin leather 

Russia leather 

Calf 

Kid 

Cordovan 

Case leather^ trunk leather 

Grained leather 

Cardboard 

Patent leather 

Furriers' waste, glue stock 

Fancy leather 

Veals 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



331 



GERMAN. 

Maroquin 

Moebelleder 

Oberleder 

Pergament (von Kalbfellen) 

Persisclies Leder 

Pfundleder 

Eaj^dleder 

Riemenleder 

Eindleder 

Eosshaiitleder 

Rossspiegelleder 

Saffianleder 

Saemisclileder ♦ 

Sattlerleder 

Schafleder 
" 5 braunes 
" (mit Sumach gegerbt) 

Schaftleder 

Sehlangenleder 

Schraalleder 

Schuhfutterleder 

Sclinhleder (mit feinem Korn) 
" , genarbtes 

Schweinsleder 

Seelnmd leder 

S eitenl^la etterle der 

Sohlleder 

" (mit Saeure geschwellt) 
" (night mit Saeure ge- 
schwellt) 

Spaltleder 

Spritzleder 

Steigbuegelleder 

Stiefeletleder 



ENGLISH. 

Morocco 

Furniture leather 
Upper leather 
Vellum 

Chevron leat'aer 
Sweated sole leather 
Welting 
Belting- 
Cowhide leather 
Horse leather 
Horse butts 
Morocco 
Chamois leather 
Harness leather 
Sheep leather 
Basils 
Roans 

Crop leather 
Snake leather 
Upper leather 
Lining leather 
Oil grain 
Plow grain 
Pigskin leather 
Sealskin leather 
Trace leather 
Sole leather 
Acid sole leather 

Non-acid sole leather 
Splits, skivers 
Dashboard leather 
Stirrup leather 
Gaiter leather 



332 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


Treibriemenleder 


Belting 


Terzenleder 


Lined sole leather 


Unterleder 


A'^amp leather 


Vacheleder 


Cow leather 


Verdeckleder 


Carriage leather , 


Wagenleder 


Coach leather 


Waschleder 


Chamois leather 


Weissleder * 


Alum tanned leather 


Wiclisleder 


Wax upper 


Wildleder 


American leather 


Wildbrandsohlleder 


" sole leather 


Zaumleder 


Bridle leather 


Zickelleder 


Kid 


Ziegenleder 


Goat leather 


Zuegelleder 


Kein or line leather 


Leim 


Glue 


Leimgut 


Glue stock 


Leimleder 


Glue pieces^ glovers' c 


Leimsieder 


Glue boiler 


Leinoel 


Linseed oil 


Levant! eren 


to board, to grain 


Locker 


Spongy, loose 


Lohe 


Tanbark 


Lohbeize 


Acid bark liquor 


Ix)hbruelie 


Bark liquor 


" , saure 


Acid liquor 


" , sehlechte 


Tail liquor 


" , suesse 


Sweet liquor 


LOHBEUEHE GEBENDE 


TANNING EOO' 


• WUEZELN 




Berberitzensaft 


Barberry juice, vinette 


Canaigre 


Canaigre 


Zwergpalme 


Palmetto 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



333 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


LOHE GEBENDB 
FEUEGHTE 


TANNIKG FEU] 


Ackerdoppen 


Valonia 


Algarobilla 


Algarobilla 


Caesalpinie 


Divi divi 


Knoppern 


Knoppern 


Mimosaschote 


Bablah 


Valonea 


Yalonea 


Wallonen 


Valonea 


Lohfarbe 


Tan color 


Lohfeurung 


Spent tan furnace 


Lohgare 


Tanned 


Loligarmachen 


to tan 


Lohgerber 


Bark tanner 


Lohgerberei 


Tannery, bark tannery 


Lohkuclien 


Pressed spent tan bark 


Lohschichte 


Layer of tan bark 


Loeschen 


1:0 slack, to extinguish 


Lose 


Loose, spongy 


Losnarbig 


Pipy or loose grain 


Luftbad 


Air bath 


Lufttrocken 


Air dry 


Lustrieren 


to season 


Mastkalb 


Veal 


Mattglanz 


Bull finish 


Mischfarbe 


Mixed color 


MITTEL 


AGENT 


Bleichmittel 


Bleaching agent 


Mittel, Egalisierungs- 


Levelling agent 


" , Enthaarungs- 


Depilating agent 


" , Erweichungs- 


Softening agent 


" , Fuell- 


Weighting agent 


" , Schwell-angs- 


Plumping agent 



334 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Mittlere Farbe 

Mittelstneck 

Mulde 

Nachahmen 

ISTachbeizeii 

JSTachfalzen 

ISTachgerbung 

ISTachschaben 

J^acken 

Narbe^ 

KAEBEN 

Karben 

" , der erste 

" abnehmen 

" abziehen 

" annehmen 

"' , aiif gepresster 

" , blechiger 

" , blinder 

" erhoehen 

" -feinheit 

" geben 

" -seite 

" -spalt 

" -wellen 

" , zersprengter 

" -bruechig 

NATUERLICHE EAEBEl^ 

Alkannah 
Berberitze 
Blauholz 



ENGLISH. 

Second split 

Flanks 

Tra)'' or box 

to mark 

to drench 

to smooth, to flatten 

Eetannage 

to scud 

Neck 

Scar, scratch 

GEAIN 
to grain 
Handling 
to buff 
to buff 
to pebble 
Pebble grain 
Brittle grain 
Bad grain 
to grain 
Fine grain 
to grain 
Grain side 
Grain split 
Long grain 
Broken grain 
Cracky, brittle grain 

NATUEAL COLOES, 
WOOD COLOES 

Alkanet 

Barberr}^ vinette 
Logwood 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



335 



GERMAN. 

Brasilienholz 

Grolbbeere 

Gelbholz 

Indigoblau 

Indigokarmin 

Katechii^ roter 

Kermesbeeren 

Kochenille 

Kreuzdorn 

Kurciinia 

Lacklack 

Oiiean 

Orseille 

Pernambukoholz 

Rosablech 

Rothliolz 

" , afrikanisehes 
Sandelholz 
Safflor 
Safran 
Sauerdorn 
Visetholz 



ENGLISH. 

Brazil wood 

Persian berries, Avignon ber- 
ries 

Fustic 

Indigo 

Indigo carmine 

Cutcli 

Pokeberry 

Cochineal 

BucJithorn 

Turmeric 

Lac dye 
Anatto 
Archil, orchil 
Brazil wood 
Safflower 
Brazil wood 
Barwood 
Sandalwood 
Safflower 
.Saffron 
Barberry 
Fustet, fistet 



Oberhaut 
Ochsenblut 

OELE 

Birkenoel 
Delphinoel 

" ,Tran 
Dorschlebertran 
Fischoel 



Epidermis 
Oxblood 

OILS 

Birch oil 
Bottlenose oil 
Arctic sperm oil 
Cod oil, codliver oil 
Fish oil 



336 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GEKMAN. 

Haifischoel 

Lachsoel 

Lebertran 

Maifischoel 

Meerschweintran 

Eobbentran 

Seehundsoel, oder Tran 

Tunfischoel 

Tuemmleroel 

Wallfischoel 

Wallratoel 

Walltran 



Oelen 

Paelen 

Pantoffeln 

Partie • 

Pech 

Pelz 

Pilze 

Polieren 

Poncieren 

Pressen 

Putzen 

Quellen 

Quellwasser 

Eadschaufeln 

Eahmen 

Eaeucherkammer 

Eauhgar 

Eecken 

Eeduzieren 

Eeduktionsbad 



ENGLISH. 

Shark oil 
Salrtion oil 
Codliver oil 
Menhaden oil 
Porpoise oil 
Seal oil 
Seal oil 
Tunny oil 
Porpoise oil 
Whale oil, train oil 
Sperm oil 
Whale oil 



to oil 

to imhair 

to grain, to board 

Pack 

Pitch 

Fur, pelt 

Fungi 

to polish 

to fluff 

to press, to emboss 

to fine hair, to clean 

to soak 

Spring water 

to paddle 

Welt, frame 

Smoke house 

Dressed with the hair on 

to strike out 

to reduce 

Eeducing or hypo bath 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 



33'; 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


Eeiben 


to rub 


Eeinemachen 


to slick 


Eeinigen 


to scud 


Eeinigung 


Cleaning 


Eeiskern 


Artificial grain 


Eeissarbeit 


Breaking strain 


Eendement 


Yield 


Eichten 


to dress, to stretch, to stake 


Eiemen 


Belt 


" Croupon 


Belting butt 


Eind 


Cow 


Einde 


Bark 


Eindshaut 


Kip 


Eippe 


Plank 


Eisse 


Cracks, tears 


Eisselig 


Cracky 


Eohware 


Eaw material 


Eossspiegel 


Shell 


Eothgerber 


Tanner, bark tanner 


Eottanne 


Pitch pine 


Euecken 


Back 


Eimzeln 


to wrinkle, to shrink, to crush 


Saegespaene 


Sawdust 


Salzbruehe " 


Brine 


Salzstrippe 


Salt stain 


Salzwasser 


Brine, salt water 


S aemischgerberei 


Chamois tannery 


Satinglanz 


Satin glaze 


Satinieren 


to glaze, to satin glaze 


Satz 


Pack 


Sauerbruehe 


Sour liquor 


Saurach 


Vinette, barberry 


Saettigen 


to saturate 


Schabaas 


Glue stock 



388 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Schaben 

Schaf, geschorenes 

Schaffell 

" (mit der Wolle) 
Schaelen 
Schaerfling 
Scharf getrocknet 
Scheren 
Scherfleiscli 
Schild 
Scliimmelig 
Schlachten 
Schlachthaus 
Schlachthaustalg 
Schleifen 
Schlichten 
Schraiere 
Sclimieren 
Schmierfett 
Schmieriiecke 
Schneiden 
Schnitte 
Schnurren 
Schoenen 
Sclirammen 
Sclirapen 
Schiirzfell 
Sclinetteln 
Schwanz 
Schwaerzen 
Schweif 
Schwelhiescher 
Seliwellbeize 
Schwellbruehe 



ENGLISH. 

to sliave^ to fiesh, to scud 

Shearling 

Sheepskin 

Wool peltj wool skin 

to strip, to peel 

Slnnk 

Flint dry, very dry 

to lime flesh 

Fleshings, parings 

Bntt 

Mouldy 

to slaughter, to flay 

Slaughter house 

Packers' tallow 

to grind, to flufl^, to buff 

to slick 

Grease, tallow, stuffing grease 

to stufl, to oil 

Grease, tallow, stuffing grease 

Grease stains, oil stains 

to cut 

Cuts 

to shrink 

to finish 

Scars, scratches 

to scrape 

Apron skin 

to shake, to agitate 

Tail 

to blacken 

Tail, switch 

Fresh lime, white lime 

Sour liquor, drench 

Plumping liquor 

to plump, to swell 



Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



339 



GEEMAN. 

SCHWELLUNGSMITTEL 

Ameisensaeure 
Essigsaeure 
Milchsaeiire 
Schwefelsaetire 



ENGLISH. 

PLUMPIN^G AGENTS 
Formic acid 
Acetic acid 
Lactic acid 
Sulphuric acid 



Sclnvemmen 

SchAvitze 

SchM'itzeii 

"^ , warmes 
Scliwitzhaufen 
Scliwitzverfahren 
Seesalz 
Sehne 

Sohle/ ziTgeschnittene 
Specknacken 
Spalt 

" , Pleisch- 

" , Xarben- 

"' , dueimer 
Spalten 
Spiegelrinde 
Spleissung 
Splitter 
Sporig 
Sprenkeln 
Sproedigkeit 
Spuelen 
Stampfen 
Staubschiclit 
Steinsalz 
Steiss 



to drench 

Sweating room 

to sweat 

Warm sweating 

Sweating pile 

Sweating process 

Sea salt 

Sinew 

Cut sole 

Thick neck 

Split 

Flesh split 

Grain split 

Skiver 

to split; to skive 

Young oak bark 

Splicing 

Chip 

Mouldy 

to marble^ to sjjrinkle 

Brittleness 

to wash, to rinse 

to tumble, to drum 

Bloom 

iiock salt 

liumj), Initt 



340 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


Stiehe 


Holes^ punctures 


StichfleckerL 


Blemishes 


Stinkfarbe 


Weak coloring liquor 


Stollen 


. to knee stake 


Stossen 


to set out 


Strecken 


to beam, to break, to armstake 


Streichstube 


Beam house 


Streichverfahren 


Brushing, staining 


Streuen 


to dust, to sprinkle 


Strohfresser 


liunner 


Strucktur 


Texture 


Sumach 


Sumac 


TALCt UN"D FETTE 


TALLOW AI^D EATS 


Ausgelassener Talg 


Eendered tallow 


Hammeltalg 


Mutton tallow 


Knochentalg 


Bone tallow 


Markfett 


Marrow 


Ochsenfett 


Ox tallow 


Eindstalg 


Beef tallow 


Schmalz 


Lard 


Tierfett 


Animal fat 


XJnschlitt 


Suet, tallow 


Wollfett . 


Suint, wool grease 


Talgeinbrenniing. 


Stuffing 


Taubenbeize 


Pigeon dung bate 


Taubenmist 


Pigeon dung or manure 


Tran 


Liver oil, fish oil 


" , Kueste- 


Straits oil 


Tranen 


to oil 


Traubenziicker 


Grape sugar 



Tanners' and Chemists'" Handbook. 



341 



GERMAN. 

IVeiben 
Treibfarbe 

Trockenwalken 

Tunkverfahren 

Ueberarbeiten 

Ueb ergerb e sch icht 

liebergerbt 

Ueberpantoffeln 

Uebertrocknet 

Ueberzug 

Umruehren 

Umwaelzen 

Unschlitt 

Venen 

Verf alien 

Verfallenmachen 

Verfaulen 

Vergaerung 

Vergleichen 

Verhaertnngen 

Yerschaerfen 

Verseifen 

Versetzen 

Versetzung 

•Vleis 

Vollstaendig trocken 

Vorappretur 

Vorderteil des Schuhes 

Vorluester 

Vorreduktion 

Wachstuch 



ENGLISH. 

to color 
Soaks 

to dry drum, to full 
Tray dyeing 
to rework 
Bloom 
Overtanned 
to regrain 
Over dried 
Coat 
to stir 
to move 
Suet, tallow . 
Veins 

Flabby # 

to deplete 

to rot, to decompose 
Fermentation 
to level 
Hard spots 
to strengthen 
to saponify 
to lay away 
La3^er 
Fleece 
Flint dry 
Seasoning 
Vamp 
Seasoning- 
First reduction 
Oil cloth 



342 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Haxurook. 



GERMAN. 

WALKEN 

Walken (im erwaermten Walk- 

fass) 
Walken (im Walkfass) 

" (in cler Trommel) 

Waare, gruene 

Waschen 

Wasserauspressen 

Wasserdichtmach en 

Wasser einsangen 

Wassergehalt 

\¥asserwerkstatt 

Waessern 

Wattelrinde 

Weichen 

Weiclimachen 

Weichwasser 

Weidenrinde 

Weissbruelie 

Weissgerben 

Weissgerberei 

Weissgerberdegras , ^ 

Weissgewicht 

Weisskalk 

Wenden 

Wiederfetten 

AYollfett 

Wildhant 

Zaehigkeit 

Zahmhaut 

Zerkleinern 

Zerreissbarkeit 

Zersprengte Zelle 



ENGLISH. 

TO DEUM, TO FULL 

Stuffing 

Dry drumming 
Pnlling, drumming 

Grreen stock 

to wash 

to press 

to waterproof 

to absorb water 

Moisture 

Beam house 

to soak 

Mimosa, wattle bark 

to soak 

to soften 

Soak 

Willow bark 

Tawing liquor 

to alum tan, to taw 

Alum tannery 

Sod oil 

Beam house weight 

White lime 

to turn 

to restuff 

Wool fat, degras 

Foreign hide 

Toughness 

Native hide 

to grind 

Tensile strength 

Broken sTain 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

GERMAN. 



343 



Ziegenfell 

Zufliiss 

Zug des Leders 

Zurichten 

ZuricMer 

ZAveibad 



MASCHINEK, GEUBEN, 
WERKZBUGE, ETC. 
Apparat 

Auslauge-Apparat 
Extraktions-Apparat 
ISTiiss-Apparat 
Aesclier, Arsenik- 

" , f auler 

" , f rischer 

" , gebrannter 

" , Kacli- 

" , schwaeher 

'^ , Schwell- 

" , todter 

" , Weiss-^ 
Anfhaenge 
Answaschstein 

BAUM 

Abstossbaum 
Gerberbaum 
Haarbaum 
Streichbaum 



ENGLISH. 

Goatskin 

Flow 

The leather stretcbes Avell 

to finish 

Finisher;, currier 

Two bath 



MACHINES, VATS, 
TOOLS, ETC. 

Apparatus 

Sprinkler leach 

Extractor 

Barkometer 

Arsenic or poison limes 

Old or rotten limes 

Fresh limes 

Used limes 

Used limes 

Relimes 

Plumping limes 

Dead limes 

Fresh limes 

Suspenders, sticks 

Tables, slates 

BEAM 

Currier's beam 
Beam 

Unhairing beam 
Beam, unhairing beam 



Behaelter 
Bcizkufe 



Tank 

Tan vat, bating vat 



344 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 



Bimstein 
Blankstosskugel 



BOCK 



Falzbock 
Gerbebock 
Schabbock 
Stollbock 

BOTTICH 

All si augeb otti ch 
G-erbebottich 

BRETT 

Ablaufbrett 
Auflegebrett 



ENGLISH. 

Pumice stone 
Grlazing glass 

HORSE, BEAM 

Shaving beam 
Beam 

Fleshing beam 
Kneestaking beam 

TUB 

Leach 
Handler 

BOARD 

Draining board or table 
Setting-ont table 



Brn ehenpunipe 

CYLINDER 

Blankstosscylinder 

Entfettungscylinder 

Glaseylinder 



Liquor pnmp 

CYLINDER 

Glazing cylinder or roller 

Grease extractor 

Glass cylinder, glass roller 



D a mpf hammer 

Disintigrator 

Ebener 

EISEN 

Abschabeisen 
Ansbrecheisen 
Ausreckeisen 
Blanchiereisen 



Steam hammer 
Disintegrator, pulverizer 
Setter, leveler 

IRON, KNIFE 

Scudding Icnife 
Breaking iron 
Slicker 
Whitening iron 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



345 



GERMAN. 


ENGLISH. 


Palzeisen 


Shaving knife 


Flacheisen 


Flatiron 


Haareisen 


Unhairing knife 


Narbeisen 


Graining tool 


Paeleisen 


Unhairing tool 


Putzeisen 


Working tool 


Schabeisen 


Fleshing knife, flesher 


ScTiaeleisen 


Spud 


Schlichteisen 


Scraper, scraping iron 


Stosseisen 


Setting slicker 


Streckeisen 


Spud knife, worker 


Streicheisen 


Crutch, worker 


Palz 


Currier's beam 


Palzbank 


Beam 


Falzplatte 


Beam plate 


Falztisch 


Beam table 


FARBE 


TAN VAT 


Aufschlagfarbe 


Handler 


Haengefarbe 


Sticks, suspender 


Haspelfarbe 


Coloring wheel 


Lohfarbe 


Layer 


Schwellfarbe 


Plumping liquor 


Farbeplatte 


Coloring table 


FASS 


DEUM 


F.ettfass 


Stuffing drum 


G-erbefass 


Tanning vat 


GerbeAvalkfass 


Tanning drum 



346 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 



ENGLISH. 



Treibfass 
Walkfass 



Flammrolir 

Fuelltrichter 

Gefaess 

Gerberbruehe 

Geschirr 

Glas 

Glasiergias 

Glasrolle 

Glasschlicker 

Glaettstein 

GEUBE 

Grube, ausgezogene 

" , Einweich- 

" , Loh- 

" , Schwell- 

" , Schwitz- 

" , Treibfarben- 

" , Versenk- 

" , Versetz- 



Haspel 

HOLZ 

Holz^ Armpantoffel- 
" , Handpantoffel- 
" , Kripsel- 



liolzkloepsel 
Holznaeffel 



Soaking A^at. tan vat 
Drum, tumbler 



Singeing jet 

Hopper, fimnel 

Vessel 

Handler 

Vat 

Glass 

Glass slicker 

Glass roller 

Glass slicker 

Slating stone 

YAT, PIT 

Spender 
Soaking vat 
Handler, tan vat 
Plumping vat 
Sweating vat 
Soaking vat 
Lay away 
Tan vat 



Paddle wheel 

BOAED 

Arm graining board 
hand graining board 
Graining board, pummel 



Wooden mallet 
Skewers 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



347 



GEEMAN. 

Holzrohr 

Klaerbasin 

Klaerkasten 

Klopfliamirier 

Krneckc 

Kuebel 

Kufe 

Kurbehvaike 

Leflerhammer 

Lolibehaelter 

Lohkesself ciiriing 

Loll nine] lie 

Lohstampfe 

Tjuftkondensator 



ENGLISH. 

Wooden pipe 

Settling vat 

Settler 

Marking hammer 

Crutch^ plunger 

Pail 

Tub 

Hide mill 

Leather hammer 

Bark tank 

Ba]'k furnace 

Bark mill 

Bark stamp mill 

Air condenser, air 'compressor 



MASCHIKE 

Apprei arauf trag-Maschine 

Ausrech-Maschine 

Ausstoss-Maschine 

Band messerspalt-Maschine 

Bims-J\laschine 

Blanchier-M aschine 

Buersten-Maschine 

C'hagri nier-Maschine 

Dolier-Maschine 

Entfleisch-Maschine 

Enth aar-Maschi ne 

Falz-Maschine 

Glanz-Maschine 

Glanzstoss-Maschine 

Glaett-Maschine 

Grainier-Maschine 



MACHINE 

Seasoning machine 
Setting-out or fleshing machine 
S<?ouring or striking-out ma- 
chine 
Band-knife splitting machine 
Fluffing Wheel 
Whitening machine 
Brushing machine 
Pebbling or graining machine 
Fluffing wheel 
Fleshing machine 
Unhairing machine 
Shaving machine 
Glazing jack 
Glazing jack 
EoUing jack 
Embossing machine 



348 



Tanneks' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Haemmer-Mascliine 

ITaspel-Masehine 

Kopfspalt-Maschine 

Koerner-Maschine 

Krispel-Masciiine 

Lederschleif-Maschine 

Led erschmier-M aschine 

Lohbrech-Maschine 

ISTarben-Maschine 

Press-Maschine 

Keck-Maschine 

Eippenschneide-Maschine 

Eoll-Maschine 

S atinier-M aschine 

Schab-Maschine 

Schmier-Maschine 

Spalt-Maschine 

Trockenwalk-Maschme 

Trocken-Maschine 

Zuricht-Maschine 

MESSEE 

Abfleisch-Messer 

Abhaar-Messer 

Abhaeute-Messer 

Abstoss-Messer 

Anstoss-Messer 

Besclmeide-Messer 

Blanchier-]\Iesser 

Entfleisch-Messer 

Falz-Messer 

Haar-Messer 

Putz-Messer 

Schab-Messer 



ENGLISH. 

EoUing machine 
Paddle wheel 
Head splitting machine 
G-raining machine 
Boarding machine 
Buffing wheel 
Stuffing drum 
Bark mill 
Embossing press 
Hydraulic press 
Scouring machine 
Belt cutting machine 
Eolling jack or machine 
Griazing jack or machine 
Striking machine 
Stuffing drum or machine 
Splitting machine 
Dry drumming machine 
Bark press 
Finishing machine 

KNIFE 

Fleshing knife 

Unhairing knife 

Skinning knife 

Shaving knife 

Scouring knife, flesbing knife 

Trimming knife 

"Wliitening slicker 

Fleshing knife 

Shaving knife, paring knife 

Unhairing knife 

Scudding knife 

Fleshins: knife, beam knife 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



349 



GERMAN, 


ENGLISH. 


Streich-Messer 


Unhairing knife, scudding knife 


Schlicht-Messer 


Whitening knife 


Messingrecker 


Brass slicker 


Muehle 


Mill 


Mijlde 


Tray 


Nivellierer 


Leveller 


N'ussmuehle 


ISTut grinding mill 


Pantoffel 


Corkboard, paumelle 


Pfaffen 


Small box in corner of vats 


Piloecke 


Pegs 


Platte 


Board 


Plattstosskugel 


Glass slicker 


Polierwerkzeug 


Polishing tool 


PRESSE 


PRESS 


Klaerpresse 


Filter press 


Lolipresse 


Tan press, bark press 


Pulverisierer 


Disintegrator, pulverizer 


Purgebuette 


Bating vat 


Rinclenschneider 


Bark cutter 


Einne 


Gutter . 


Eippen 


Pegs 


Rolle 


Roller 


Ruehrer 


Stirrer 


Schaelbeil 


Barking axe 


Schienenweg 


Tramway, tracks 


Scherdegen 


Fleshing knife 


Schleudermuelilo 


Disintegrator 


Schlichtklinge 


Slicker blade 


Schlichtmond 


Moon knife, paring; knife 



350 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



GERMAN. 

Sclilichtzange 

Schlicker 

Schmierbiiechse 

Schneide 

S ell wi tzkamnier 



ENGLISH. 

Caliper 

Slicker 

Stuffing brush 

Cutter 

Sweatinaj cliamber 



STAHL 

Blanchierstalil 

Falzstahl 

Leg-stahl 



STEEL 

Whitening knife or steel 
Shaving knife or steel 
Currier's steel 



Stollbank 

Stollklinke 

Stollkruecke 

Stollmond 

Stollpfahl 

StoUstock 

Streckbank 

Tafel 

Tauchstange 

Tisch 

Trethorde 

Trockenaufhaengeboden 

Trockengestell 

Trog 



Stake 
Stretcher 
Crutch 
Moon knife 
Draw beam 
Stretching pole 
Currier's beam 
Table^ board 
Plunger 
Table, plate 
Hurdle,, horse 
Drying loft 
Drying room 
Trav 



TEOMMEL 

Farbetrommel 
Schmiertrommel 



DKUM 

Coloring drum 
Stuffing drum 



Walkerkeule 



Plunaer 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 



351 



GERMAN. 
WALZB 

Karrenwalze 
Pendelwalze 



Wasserbehaelter 

Weiche 

Zantrifuge 

Zuricht-Ausrecker 

Zurichter 

Zvlinder 



ENGLISH. 

EOLLER 

Brass leather roller 
Pendulum roller 



Water tank 

Soaks 

Hydro extractor 

Slicker 

Setter, leveller 

Cylinder 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Aeetic acid, analysis of 11 

Acetic acid, sp. gr. of 252 

Acetate of lead 29 

Acid, acetic 11 

" boric 12 

" carbolic, crude 12 

" formic 13 

hydrochloric 14 

" lactic 14 

" oxalic 16 

" sulphuric .-- 16 

Acids, swelling power of , 145 

" deliming power of . : . .' 145 

Alcohol, ethyl or grain, sp. gr. of 242 

" methyl or wood, sp. gr. of 243 

Alkali bichromates, analysis of 53 

Alkali, mixed 54 

Alkali necessary to saponify oil 156 

Alloys 199 

Aluminum sulphate ; 17 

Aluminum sulphate, solubility of.". 248 

American oils, constants of 103 

Ammonia, table of : 228 

Ammonium chloride, solubility of 248 

Animals, products of 116 

Antifriction metal 198 

Antimony potassium tartrate, analysis of 18 

Aqua ammonia, table of 228 

Arsenic sulphide, analysis of 18 

Artificial beeswax 191 

Atomic weights 78 

Avoirdupois converted to grams 168 



354 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

PAGE. 

Babbitt metal 208 

Bark, losses sustained by 137 

Barkometer compared with Beaume, Twaddel and sp. gr 214 

Barkometer, correction of 216 

Barks, analysis of 66 

Barbatimao 125 

Barium chloride, sp. gr. of 240 

Barium chloride, solubility of 248 

Basic dyestuffs, analysis of 23 

Beasts, butchered, facts concerning 115 

Beeswax, artificial 191 

Belt glue 207 

Bicarbonate of soda 56 

Bichromates, analysis "of 53 

Bisulphite of soda, analysis of 53 

Black stain .' 190 

Blue vitriol, analysis of 22 

solubility of 249 

" " sp. gr. of 253 

Boiling points 207 

Borax, sp. gr. of 255 

Boric acid, analysis of 12 

Bromine, solubility of 247 

Calcium carbonate, solubility of 246 

Calcium chloride, solubility of 246 

Calcium sulphate, solubility of 247 

Carbolic acid, crude, analysis of : . ; 12 

Carbonate of soda 55 

Carnauba wax substitute ■ 191 

Caustic potash, sp. gr. of 235 

Caustic soda, analysis of 56 

Cements 193 

Chemicals, synonyms and apt impurities 141 

Chemical reagents 7 

Chestnut oak 123 

Chrome alum, sp. gr. of 253 

Chrome chloride, sp, gr. of 245 

Chrome fat liquor 186 

Chrome leather, analysis of 33 



Tanneks' and Chemists'" Handbook. 355 

Chrome liquor, analysis of 19 

Chrome, sores, ointment for prevention of 204 

Chromic acid converted to bichromates, pounds per gallon 233 

Chromic oxide converted to bichromates, pounds per gallon 233 

Chromium sulphate, sp. gr. of 253 

Cisterns, contents of 166 

Classification of tanning materials 109 

Coal, analysis of 20 

Cojj^tants of American oils 103 

" fats 98 

" oils 95 

Copperas, sp. gr. of 252 

Copper sulphate, analysis of 22 

" ■" solubility of 249 

" " sp. gr. of. 253 

Copper tubing, weight of 209 

Cubic centimeters converted to fluid measure U. S 168 

Cutch 123 

Depilatory 57 

Dictionary, English-German 267 

" German-English 309 

Discount tables 261 

Dissolved hide, determination of 37 

Divi Divi 123 

Dollars per pound converted to marks per kilo 250 

Dressing of leather 148 

Drilling glass 207 

Drinking waters, limits of impurities 107 

Dyeing, tumbler 148 

brush . ■. 148 

of leather, vegetable 146 

" correction of water for : 217 

drum 151 

'■ preparation of chrome tanned leather for 149 

Dyestuffs for vegetable leather 147 

" analysis of 22 

" direct, analysis of 23 

basic 23, 147, 150 

acid 147,150 

Dyes, wood, reactions of 152 



356 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

PAGE. 

Egg yolk, analysis of 23 

substitute 189 

Epsom salts, sp. gr. of '..... 246 

" " solubility of 250 

Eucalyptus kinos, Australian 130 

Excavations, data for 266 

Expanding metal 198 

Extracts, tanning, analysis of . 66 

" solid, Indian 131 

" sulphited, analysis of 67 

" sulphite cellulose, analysis of 68 

" of leathers, alcoholic 82 

Fat liquoring 148 

" liquor, chrome 186 

" liquors 186 

Fats, constants of 98 

Fehlings solution 33 

Ferrous sulphate, sp. gr. of 252 

Finishes 188 

Fluid measure converted into metric system 167 

Formic acid, analysis of 13 

" " sp. gr. of 251 

Formaline, analysis of 24 

Formaldehyde, analysis of 24 

Foreign coins, value in U. S. money 170 

Francs converted into dollars 257 

Freezing mixtures 93 

Fresh water, analysis of 70 

Fustic extract, analysis of '. . . 23 

Gambler . . 123 

" block . 133 

" crude 133 

Glass drilling 207 

Glauber's salt, sp. gr. of 241 

" solubility of • 250 

Glucose in tanning materials ; 79 

Glycerine, analysis of 25 

Glycerine, solubilities in '. 92 

" sp. gr. of 244 

; 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 357 

PAGE. 

Grams converted to ounces 169 

Grape sugar, sp. gr. of 243 

Grease, wool 77 

Gum arable, analysis of 27 

Gum tragacanth 28 

Hand cleaning powder ' 204 

Harness preservative . . .' 192 

HCmatine 22 

Hemlock : 124 

Hexabromide value 100 

Hide, dissolved 37 

Hide powder, preparation of 10 

" " standard 11 

Hydrochloric acid, analysis of 14 

table of 225 

Hypo, solubility of 249 

" sp. gr. of 245 

Hyposulphite of soda 56 

Inch, fractional parts of 161 

Ink eraser 193 

" writing 192 

Inorganic compounds 174 

Iodine numbers, comparison of 102 

Insulators 208 

Kino 123 

Lactic acid, analysis of 14 

Lead acetate 29 

Leather, alum, dyeing of 152 

" " preparation for dyeing 152 

" chamois, dyeing of 151 

'■ " preparation for dyeing 151 

" chrome, analysis of 33 

" " tanned, preparation for dyeing 149 

" dyed chrome tanned, dressing of 148 

" vegetable, analysis of 29 

'■ ■■ dyeing of 146 



358 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

PAGE. 

Leathers, "table for examination of 82 

Lime, analysis of 36 

" solubility of 247 

" liquors, analysis of 38 

Liquor, chrome 19 

lime 38 

" tanning 64 

Logwood 22 

Losses sustained by bark 137 



Magnesium sulphate, sp. gr. of 246 

solubility of .' 250 

Mallet bark - 124 

Mangrove . 125, 132 

Marks per kilo converted into dollars per pound 260 

Materials, storage required for,'. , 209 

Measures of length 157 

" " area 157 

" " volume 158 

" " pressure 158 

Measurements, approximate 169 

Metals, weight of 210 

Mexican bark 129 

Millimeters converted into inches 162 

Mimosa, Natal 135 

Money, foreign 170 

Multiples, table of 160 

Muriatic acid, analysis of 14 

" table of 225 

Myrabolams 134, 125 

" analysis of, recalculated to 12 per cent water 135 

" weight giving properties 136 

"' sugar in 136 



Nessler's reagent 72 

Nigrosine 22 

Nitric acid, table of 230 

Normal solutions 8 



• Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 359 

• 

PAGE. 

Oak 126 

" Belgian 133 

" bark, California 137 

" " complete analysis of 139 

" " reactions of .• . . 90 

Oil crayon 2p7 

" of vitriol 16 

Oils, analysis of 39, 45 

"• constants of 95, 103 

facts concerning 117 

" sod 43 

" soluble 46 

" turkey red 46 

" viscosity of 106 

" fats, and waxes, unsaponifiiable in 99 

Ointment for prevention of chrome sores 204 

Olive oil, relation of acidity to sp. gr 108 

Organic compounds 182 

Orpiment 18 

Oxalates, analysis of 16 

Oxalic acid, analysis of 16 

Palmetto 120 

Paint, preservative ; 200 

Paints, wall 200 

Paraffin for coating iron 200 

" wax, solubility of 236 

Pewter . 198 

Phenol, analysis of 12 

Platinum, care of 5 

" cleaning of Q 

Pipes, weight of, formula for 210 

Polishes, shoe and leather > 189 

Potash soaps, analysis of 51 

" alum, solubility of 248 

Potassium bichromate, sp. gr. of 241 

solubility of 249 

chromate, sp. gr. of 244 

" solubility of 247 

Price per pound converted to price per ounce 255 

Pyrolignite of iron, sp. gr. of 239 



360 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook, 

PAGE. 

Quebracho 127 

wood 132 

Realgar, analysis of. 18 

Reagents, chemical 7 

Red Arsenic, anal3'sis of 18 

Remedies 205 

Roofs, shingled, data for 266 

Salt, analysis of 48 

" solubility of 250 

" sp. gr. of 240 

Sampling tanning materials ■ 60 

Saponification of oil 156 

Scar paste 189 

Seasoning recipes 187 

Shellac 27 

" finish 188 

Shilling and pence converted to dollars, U. S 259 

Silver plating paste 204 

Soap, analysis of 48 

" mixed • . 62 

" soft 51 

Soaps, potash 51 

Soda ash 237 

Sodium bicarbonate 56 

" bichromate, sp. gr. of 241 

" bisulphite ' 53 

sp. gr. of 254 

" borate, sp. gr. of ^ 255' 

" carbonate, analysis of r 55 

" " sp. gr. of 237 

" chloride, sp. gr. of 240 

solubility of 250 

" hydrate 56 

" hyposulphite 56 

" " sp. gr. of ■. 254 

" sulphide 57 

" sulphate, sp. gr. of 241 

solubility of 250 



Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 36 1 

PAGE. 

Sodium tliiosulphate, sp. gr. of 245 

solubility of 249 

Solder 198 

Sole leather preservative 200 

Soluble oils 144, 46 

Solutions, normal 8 

" standard !) 

Solubilities in glycerine 92 

SfSining 148 

Stain, black 190 

Standard solutions, equivalents of 9 

Stannous chloride 69 

Steam, temperatures of 212 

Stearine, analysis of 59 

Stove polish 200 

Striker, logwood 189 

Sugar analysis, factor for 81 

" in tanning materials 138 

" in myrabolams 136 

Sulphate of aluminum 17 

Sulphide of soda 57 

Sulphides, dehairing power of 146 

Sulphite cellulose extracts 68 

Sulphited extracts 67 

Sulphuric acid, analysis of 16 

" table of 220 

Sumach 127, 182 

" leaves 131 

Synonyms of chemicals 141 

Tables of equivalents 8 

" discount . 261 

Table for determination of glucose 79 

Tanks, contents of 166 

Tannic acid, sp. gr. of 251 

Tanning materials, sampling of 60 

" " vegetable, facts concerning 119 

" extracts, analysis of 66 

" materials 123 

" " sugar in 138 

" " extraction, influence of water on 140 



362 Tanners' and Chemists' Handbook. 

PAGE. 

Tannin analysis 62 

" spent, analysis of 63 

" liquors, analysis of 64 

" materials, classification of 109 

Tartar emetic, analysis of 18 

solubility of 249 

sp. gr. of 239 

Thermometers, comparison of 163 

" conversion of 165 

Tin crystals, analysis of 69 

Titanium compounds, analysis of 68' 

Tools, to clean 203 

Tragacanth, gum, analysis of 28 

Turkey red oil, analysis of 46 

" " " manufacture of 144 

Turmeric, analysis of 23 

Unsaponifiable in oils, fats and waxes 99 

Valonea 128 

" Smyrna 134 

Greek 134 

Varnishes 201 

Vegetable leather, analysis of 29 

tanning materials, facts concerning 119 

Viscosity of oils 106 

Walls, bricks in. 211 

Water, fresh, analysis of 70 

" boiling point of 213 

table for correcting 217 

" drinking, limits of impurities 107 

Waterproofing 192 

Wattle bark 130 

Waxes 101 

" analysis of 74 

Weights, comparison of ' 159 

Weight giving properties of myrabolams . 136 

White metal 198 

Wire gauges expressed in inches 171 

Wool grease, analysis of 77 



Tanners'" and Chemists' Handbook. 363 



INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS 

PAGE. 

Eimer & Amend 102 

A. Klipstein & Co 108 

Heller & Merz Co 114 

National Aniline & Chemical Co 115 

American Dyewood Co 124 

Heyden Chemical Works 125 

Cassella Color Co 134 

F. E. Atteaux & Co 185 

Berlin Aniline Works ; . . . . 146 

J. B. Ford Co 147 

Grasselli Chemical Co 166 

Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co 167 

F. S. Walton Co ■. . . 186 

Martin Dennis Co 187 

Geisenheimer & Co 196 

Carbondale Instrument Co 196 

Otto Hann & Bro 197 

Badische Co 224 

H. A. Metz & Co 225 

Farbenfabriken of Elberfeld Co 244 

Crow Blacking Co 245 



S. E. Tate Printing Co., Broadway, Milwaukt 



5 



;COPY, DEL. TO CAT. OIV. 

MOV 6 i;.:3 



